Aviation and the Environment Contemporary Economy

Questions: Critically evaluate the issues with unconstrained aviation growth versus the call for global constraints on the growth of aviation for environmental reasons?. Critically assess the management challenges of maintaining corporate goals involving the sustainable development of aviation operations?. Critically evaluate the practical environmental activities that are now part of the management of airlines and airports?. Critically assess whether aviation can achieve the dramatic improvements required in environmental performance by innovation in aircraft design and airline and airport operations?. Answer: Intoduction: In the contemporary economy, the aviation industry is huge and growing. It assists in economic trade commerce and tourism and is, therefore, vital for the globalization process. For some consecutive years, the aviation industry is growing at a sustainable growth rate of 7% per annum. Air travel for both personal and professional as well as trade purpose has subsequently increased in the recent years. The globalized economy enjoys significantly from the capability to transport people and goods all over the world - promptly and safely. In the recent year, the total number of passengers traveling by air has doubled. In 2015, some passengers traveled by air in both domestic and international destinations in UK were 125,068,988 persons that were 118,605,858 in 2014 (Data.worldbank.org, 2016). The availability of bulky airplane such as the Boeing 747 made it suitable and reasonably priced for people to travel by air. Further, 58 million jobs and $2.4 trillion annual financial transactions that the industry ropes. With the increase in air traffic, the question of emissions and environmental damages are subsequently rising regarding Airline Business. There is an urgent necessitate of dealing with the environmental effects of air shipping. Millions of people are directly and indirectly affect by the pollution caused by aircraft emissions. With the increase in economic growth and the rise of the aviation industry, the problem of Aviation Emissions will increase if not checked with utmost priority. In 2012, aviation produced 689 million tons of carbon dioxide around the world (Grote et al. 2014). The aviation industry recognizes the necessitate to deal with the universal challenge of climate change and has taken some vital steps: in 2009 it adopted an determined set of pledge carbon neutral development from the year 2020 dependent upon vital aviation framework and technological improvements achieved by the industry and government. The adopted strategies can only achieve by adopting the four pillars: Investment in Technological development Increase effective operations management Building effective infrastructure Positive economic instruments Figure: IATAs four-pillar strategy Source: Created by Author In the following report, the author is analyzing the environmental challenges faced by the contemporary aviation industry and what are the necessary steps implemented to face these environmental challenges. The author has also recommended concluding the most important aspect of controlling to check pollution. The Challenges Facedby AviationIndustry: In the following study, the author discusses the following issues the specific relationship between the aviation industry and the environment. The environmental pollution caused by aircraft such as noise, harmful gasses, and particles, which affects climatic change. Aviation is a chief cause of air pollution, primary to major public health problems. Noise: According to the new study by the British Medical Journal, direct contact with the noise pollution can increase the risk of health. The noise created by aircraft also increases the risk of heart diseases. Scholarly studies showed that noise and health are adversely related. However, the aviation noise is a major problem and expected to grow in coming years (Bond et al. 2013). Air pollution: In spite of the small size of the aviation industry, it has significantly large impact on the climatic process. When researches and scholars are calling warnings against harmful radiation and suggesting reducing, aviation industry continues to contribute in the total harmful radiations, especially greenhouse gasses. For instance, since 1990, the total CO2 emission has increased by 83% by airplanes. Every time an aircraft takeoff, it leaves a large amount of harmful emission that causes a large amount of air pollution. In one of the reports, researches have argued that more people killed by air emission caused by airplanes than air crashes. Not only emission during takeoff and landing but also unregulated emissions from planes above 3000 feet are equally harmful. As estimated that a total number of 8000 die due to harmful emission above 3000 feet and 2000 people die globally due to pollution caused during landing and takeoffs. The the majority widespread reason for deat h as a result of air pollution are cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, including lung cancer, as stated by the UN's World Health Organization. (Barrett et al. 2012). It is not always necessary that areas near airports are the most polluted places. When an airplane takes at cruising height above the clouds, wind currents can fluff up the contamination wide spreading so that existing winds cause the pollution to fall from the sky about 10,000 kilometers to the east of the plane's route. (Barrett, Britter and Waitz, 2012). Greenhouse Gasses Produced by Airplanes During Flights: As soon as Jet fuel burns, the carbon in the petroleum is on the loose and combines with O2 in the atmosphere to shape CO2. Flaming aviation energy fuel as well releases water vapor, nitrous oxides, sulfate, and soot. A particular trait of airplane emissions, the majority, reduced at cruising altitudes more than 3000 meters. Systematic records have revealed that these emissions are injurious for climate impact since they generate a succession of chemical reactions and climatic effects that consecutively harm the global climatic system. TheIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,for example, has anticipated that the climate impact of airliners is far larger than the effect of their carbon dioxide emissions alone." (Ipcc.ch, 2016). When airplanes fly they exhaust Contrails consists of water droplets and frost which traps heat which otherwise break away from the earths atmosphere. As a result, contrails are advocating in global warming. While, night flights are more harmful than dayti me because studies have shown how contrails, in fact, reflect some sunlight away from entering earth. Initiatives to Control Aviation Emision: The International Air Transportation or the IATA is a trade organization, which controls air trade and commerce. Its members consist of 260 airlines from 170 countries. The main objective of IATA is to formulate and maintain standards in the aviation industry. IATA succeeded International Air Traffic Association in 1945. Like the airline, the industry grew and increased air traffic the responsibilities of IATA also increased. One of the major priorities of IATA is to ensure limited air pollutions and emissions caused by airplanes. The primary responsibility of IATA is: keep an eye on, review and act in response to environmental policies and issues of apprehension to member airlines boost and advocate common industry issues and challenges on ecological issues direct and, as needed, apply strategies to encourage IATA positions with stakeholders To meet the challenges the IATA members have mutually agreed to work on the following environmental issues: enhancement in fuel efficiency by reducing 1.5% per annum from 2009 through 2020 A reduction in net carbon emissions (carbon neutral growth) Sustainable development to reduce carbon emission by 50% till 2050 The IATA Four-Pillar Strategy: The fundamental problem is that unrestrained increase in airline emissions not well matched with 2050 environment improvement objectives and that the inflexibility and implementation of public policy involvements to direct aircraft emissions possibly will have extensive influence both on the economy for expansion or the tourism development. To achieve the above strategic plans regarding challenges faced in environmental issues, a well-built dedication is necessary starting all stakeholders functioning jointly in the course of the four pillars of the aviation industry strategy. The committee commissioned comprehensive analyses to approximate predictable reductions from technology, alternative fuels and operations to assess development on the way to the carbon neutral development objective for aircraft transportation system and to distinguish the challenges and issues to tackle by strategies, quality and standards, and estimations. Improvement of Technology: IATA checks and regulates the improvement of technologies to decrease aircraft emissions and evaluates their competence to accord to climate change objectives. It frequently publishes a "Technology Roadmap" unfolding the key innovations in aircraft technology presently emerging, the emissions declining probable that is offered and the impact on the global environment. Functioning mutually with strategic associates in the manufacturing engineering and research and development increases the chance to support new technologies amongst airline patrons and to accumulate airlines' reaction about the technological performances in emission reduction. Increase Effective Operations Management: IATA's Operational Efficiency Cost Management (OECM) agenda is to facilitate airlines recognize and build up cost-efficient ways, develop mostly operational cost framework and sustain or develop service of the airlines. The committee assists airline partners by presenting a set of key index performance or KPI to examine overall performance and focus on the required skills to control their cost resourcefully. IATA conducts programs that are a broad and reciprocal policy for airline workforce to progress they are perceptive of operational competence and price management on the issues of Ground Operations, Flight Operations, Operations Planning, Technical Operations, and Operations Control Centre (OCC)," (Iata.org, 2016). Building Effective Infrastructure: The Committee of IATA has taken responsibility to improve operational solutions for any challenge or issues in both on flight or ground. IATA initiates a leading position in influencing aviation scheduling and improvement projects globally to congregate aviation necessities for security, effectiveness, and functionality. The management wants to begin and sustain a worldwide infrastructural approach that commits efficient, sustainable planning and recent challenges and issues as well collaborating regional growth, which will promote cost effective measures and responsibilities to face developing environmental issues effectively. One of the main objectives is also to achieve paperless airline operations and decrease fuel spending and carbon emissions. Positive Economic Instruments: In the contemporary global economy, the aviation industry is playing a crucial role in economic development and progress. It assists a nations incorporation into the world economy, producing through uninterrupted advantages for users and other economic advantages as it facilitates its constructive effect on the overall economic development. The worldwide aviation industry is devoted or resolute to three consecutive goals or objectives to manage it is 2% of universal carbon emissions. The information analyses statistical techniques to approximate the financial rate of return i.e. individuals those are in accumulation to the through profits earned by stakeholders. For instance, a deal of C$1,805 million at Vancouver airport was likely to have lead to a 5.4% enhance transportation connectivity in Canada. As such, this raised Canadas long-term productivity by 0.04%. Presumptuous that some hours worked are invariable; this indicates an annual increase to Canadian GDP of C$348 million (Ia ta.org, 2016). Also, innovative solutions to accelerate clean technology improvement fleet renewal. If designed strategically emission trading can play a crucial role in economic revenue generation. The Five-Year Review Report: The significant aviation growth of checks over carbon emissions exemplifies the global pattern transfer towards a green economy over the last four years. In reply to timely forewarning calls that a potential environment change, the administration has put a required check and an increasing worth on aviation emissions, the fast budding aviation industry actively responded to develop into the pioneer in environment protection programs. This sector contributed the fair share to constant strategies to bind the temperature raise while the increase in air travel and its related developmental profit maintain to exceed potential. Globalization and speedy economic increase are motivating aviation industries sustainable development and growth. The IATAs four-decade-old pledge to check and dropping emissions by 2050 is slowly becoming a reality. Following an unequivocal negotiating authorization at the International Civil Aviation Organizations General Assembly in 2013, the planning of a universal economy-based system for global aviation emissions settled in 2016. This followed by UNFCCC conference, which convinced all chief global economies that there is no possible disadvantage by a determined universal climate change management approaching in 2020. Decreasing carbon emission is the new buzzword in the international aviation industry. Best Practices: Even though it is, an elaborate process to trim down the impact aviation industry has on the environmental change, technical improvements and efforts to ensure more sustainability of the industry. Real-time initiatives employed by aircraft business organization to meet the goals. For instance, In 2015, Cathay Pacific A340-300 recycled their four aircraft on their removal from the Cathay Pacific fleet. More than 90% of the mass of the aircraft was successfully recycled. In 2007, Airbus 380 initiated the use of fuel-efficient flights, and they took off the first flight with fuel-efficient oil with passengers successfully. Air France has taken a large number of strategies and commitments for sustainable improvement in climatic effect caused by air travel. Long-term plans to support to the European Emissions Trading Scheme, initiating more fuel-efficient aircraft, contribution a carbon calculator and the opportunity to obtain offsets, sustaining programs initiated by different authorities and organizations throughout monetary support for environmental development programs, popularizing the use of alternate and renewable fuel, and inspiring workforce to be involved in environmental development programs. British Airways is one of the most pioneers in taking initiatives to reduce emissions. The organization has already reduced 28% of fuel consumption since 1990 and is setting to beak its record by reducing 25% by 2025. The organization has also launched initiatives to get direct feedback ideas from customers reading carbon remission reduction. In JFK airport, management of British Airways uses energy efficient lights and water coolers. The management of Lufthansa Airlines has taken initiates to reduce the emission of nitrogen oxide by 80% by 2020 and CO2 emission by 25% by 2020. They are trying to new strategies and plans to improve fuel efficiency. The management also supports a "global emissions trading scheme and green incentives". Barriers to Success: The aviation industry recognizes the developing and imperative demand for the world to address the global environmental challenge. The aviation industry plays a fundamental role in economic sustainability growth and expansion and the need to remain protected, reasonably priced and reachable to make sure mobility on a fair basis to overall societal development. The world community, therefore, has a universal accountability to guarantee that aviation continues to convey essential communal and economic profit while tackling aircraft CO2 emissions. But the truth is that due to increasing in the global increase in demand for air travel and constant efforts by management and companies to achieve low-fare airlines with maximizing profits which are resulting in the use of fuel which is cheap but equally responsible for carbon emission. Alternative fuels and fuel-efficient oils are comparatively expensive, to reduce the overall cost of the aircraft flights, companies are going for cheaper opt ions (Winchester et al, 2013). In addition, due to global economic turmoil and uncertainty, there is a lack of new initiatives and investments in research and development in the production of fuel-efficient technology to reduce the carbon emission. Recommendations: The ICAO should make it mandatory any post-2012 global climatic change agreement agree on the reduction of emissions. The approach to check on carbon emission should be on global perspective and should not indulge on competitiveness among airline business. Rather it should be strategies to big harmony in the industry to fight collaborating. Organizations deliberately ignoring carbon emission initiatives should penalize not only financially but canceling the permits for the airline business. The aviation industry should priories the modernization of air traffic system to increase fuel efficiency in aircraft. The aviation industry should invest in aerodynamic and operations technology RD through scholastic and business associates. Initiatives of the improvement and commercialization of sustainable alternative biofuels should emphasize so that they can replace traditional aircraft fuel, which causes a large amount of carbon emission and other air pollutions. Conclusion: In the above report, the author has studied the situation of the aviation industry and the sustainable efforts taken by IATA to reduce the carbon emission to reduce the environmental pollution. The IACA is committed towards the climatic change effects of commercial aviation industry by an incorporated strategy of policy initiatives, technological advances, and operational development. The committee plan seeks to change the aircraft operating system in the airspace, technological development n aircraft, and innovation of alternative fuel to initiate in the reduction in carbon emission. The author has critically analyzed the four-pillar strategies adopted by IACA and real time airline business organizations are utilizing them to bring sustainable improvement of the environmental damages caused by air flights. Though the author has also discussed the barriers and problems faced to achieve the target by 2050. The study identifies restrictions to dropping carbon emission in conditions of socially constructed requirements. 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