Biography of Lili Elbe, Pioneering Transgender Woman

Lili Elbe (born Einar Magnus Andreas Wegener, later Lili Ilse Elvenes; December 28, 1882– September 13, 1931) was a pioneering transgender woman. She experienced what is now known as gender dysphoria and was one of the first individuals known to receive sex reassignment surgery, also known as gender confirmation surgery. She was also a successful painter. Her life was the subject of the novel and film The Danish Girl. Fast Facts: Lili Elbe Occupation:  ArtistKnown For: Believed to be the first recipient of gender confirmation surgeryBorn:  December 28, 1882, in Vejle, DenmarkDied:  Ã‚  September 13, 1931, in Dresden, Germany Early Life Born as Einar Wegener in Vejle, Denmark, Lili Elbe began life as a boy. Some sources believe that she was intersex, having some female biological characteristics, but others dispute those reports. Some think she may have had Klinefelter Syndrome, the presence of two or more X chromosomes in addition to the Y chromosome. Destruction of medical records leaves these questions unanswered. Elbe studied art at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen, Denmark. There, she met illustrator and painter Gerda Gottlieb, who was accomplished in both art nouveau and art deco styles. Marriage and Painting Einar and Gerda fell in love and married in 1904. They both worked as artists. Einar Wegener specialized in landscape paintings in a Post-Impressionistic style while Gerda found employment as a book and magazine illustrator. Einar exhibited works at the prestigious Salon dAutomne in Paris, France. Around 1908, Danish actress Anna Larssen failed to show up for a modeling session with Gerda Wegener. Over the telephone, the actress suggested that Einar wear womens clothing and substitute as a model due to his delicate build. He was hesitant at first but agreed after pressure from Gerda. Lili later wrote, I cannot deny, strange as it may sound, that I enjoyed myself in this disguise. I liked the feel of soft womens clothing. I felt very much at home in them from the first moment. Einar soon became a frequent model for his wifes work. After walking in on a modeling session, Anna Larssen suggested the name Lili for Einars new persona. It was soon adopted, and Lili began appearing more often outside of modeling sessions. The surname Elbe was later chosen in honor of the river that flows through Dresden, Germany, the site of her last surgeries. In her autobiography, Lili Elbe expressed that she eventually killed Einar, while setting herself free, when she chose to have sex reassignment surgery. In 1912, when word emerged that the model for Gerdas work was actually her husband, they faced scandal in their home city of Copenhagen. The couple left their country and moved to the more accepting city of Paris, France. Throughout the 1920s, Einar frequently appeared at events as Lili. Gerda often presented her as Einars sister. By the end of the decade, Lili became desperate to live life as a woman. Doctors and psychologists labeled Lili a schizophrenic to describe the battle between male and female. She chose May 1, 1930, as a suicide date. In February 1930, however, she learned that the doctor Magnus Hirschfeld might help her begin the transition process. Transition Lili Elbe underwent a series of four or five sex reassignment surgeries beginning later in 1930. Magnus Hirschfeld consulted on the procedures while gynecologist Kurt Warnekros performed them. The first involved removal of the testicles and took place in Berlin, Germany. Later surgeries implanted an ovary and removed the penis and took place in Dresden, Germany. The planned final operation involved implantation of a uterus and construction of an artificial vagina. Some reports emerged that the surgeons found rudimentary ovaries in Lilis abdomen. Later in 1930, Lili obtained an official passport under the name Lili Ilse Elvenes. In October 1930, King Christian X of Denmark officially annulled the marriage of Einar Wegener and Gerda Gottlieb. Their parting was amicable. Lili was finally able to officially live her life as a woman. Lili ended her career as an artist, believing that the work as a painter belonged to Einar. She met and fell in love with French art dealer Claude Lejeune. He proposed, and the couple planned to marry. Lili hoped surgery would allow her to bear a child to build a family with her husband. Death In 1931, Lili returned to Dresden, Germany for surgery to implant a uterus. In June, the surgery took place. Lilis body soon rejected the new uterus, and she suffered from an infection. Drugs to prevent rejection did not become readily available until fifty years later. Lili died on September 13, 1931, from cardiac arrest brought on by the infection. Despite the tragic nature of her death, Lili expressed to friends and family that she was grateful for the opportunity to live life as a woman following the surgeries. Reflecting on life after her first surgery, she wrote, It may be said that 14 months is not much, but they seem to me like a whole and happy human life. Legacy and The Danish Girl Unfortunately, many gaps in the life story of Lili Elbe existed. Books at Germanys Institute for Sexual Research relating to her story were destroyed in 1933 by Nazi students. Allied bombing raids in 1945 destroyed the Dresden Womens Clinic and its records during World War II. For researchers, the process of sorting myth from fact is difficult. Much of what is known about Lili Elbe comes from her autobiography Man Into Woman published by Ernst Ludwig Harthern-Jacobson under the pseudonym Niels Hoyer after her death. It is based on her diaries and letters. Many researchers believe that Lili Elbe was the first woman to receive sex reassignment surgery. However, some dispute the fact. Whether unique or not, the surgery was highly experimental in the 1930s. In 2000, author David Ebershoff published his novel The Danish Girl, based on Lili Elbes life. It became an international bestseller. In 2015, the novel was made into a film of the same name. Source Hoyer, Niels, editor. Man Into Woman: An Authentic Record of a Change of Sex. Jarrold Publishers, 1933.

HIV/AIDS Public Health Policies A Comparison Between...

HIV/AIDS is still a current public health concern for all countries of the world. Research has helped progress the education and treatment of the virus, but some areas of the world still have difficulty with this public health concern. Out of all developing countries, South Africa has one of the highest percentages of their population living with HIV/AIDS while Cuba has one of the lowest percentages of their population living with the virus. In this paper, the public health policies of South Africa and Cuba regarding treatment, prevention and transmission will be discussed and compared. South Africa is one of the countries that are part of Sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest prevalence of HIV/AIDS infected people in†¦show more content†¦The government of South Africa still continues to deal with the above issues in order to deal with their population that is infected with HIV/AIDS. The NSP of 2007 set goals to deal with the problem of HIV/AIDS in South Afr ica. Their primary goals were to reduce the amount of new HIV/AIDS infected people by 50% and improve the care and support to infected individuals, their families, and the community (South African Government Information, 2007). The plan focuses on educating the public about voluntary testing, empowering women, discussing domestic violence, and sexual education between parents and children (South African Government Information, 2007). By educating the public on how to prevent HIV exposure, the rate of newly infected individuals will dwindle. Through the NSP, the South African government has set up a plan for universal healthcare for people with HIV/AIDS. Public and private sector entities joined and created a comprehensive healthcare plan so their citizens can obtain the care that the need for treatment for HIV/AIDS. Treatment also includes the antiviral medication needed to treat HIV/AIDS as well as screening for tuberculosis. 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Concept of Prometheus Within Frankenstein Free Essays

The concept of â€Å"Prometheus† within Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein† Index Introduction – 3 Greek Promethean myth – 4 The Modern Prometheus – 5 Conclusion – 7 Bibliography – 8 Introduction In this short work, it will be made an explanation about what is the Greek Promethean myth and the message behind this myth. It will also be made a comparison between this message and the subjacent theme of the â€Å"Modern Prometheus† in Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein†. Looking at the main character of Mary Shelley’s novel, it will also be important to describe in what way, and according to the Greek Promethean myth, Victor Frankenstein is the â€Å"Modern Prometheus† as referred in the title of the book. We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Prometheus Within Frankenstein or any similar topic only for you Order Now Greek Promethean myth The Promethean myth first appeared in the late 8th-century BC Greek epic poet Hesiod’s Theogony. He was a son of the Titan Iapetus, one of the Oceanids (keepers of the water). In Greek mythology, Prometheus is a Titan whose name meant â€Å"forethought†, and indeed, he was said to have the ability to look into the future. Prometheus was the creator of mankind. The goddess Athene taught him architecture, astronomy, mathematics, navigation, medicine, and metallurgy, and he in turn taught them to humans. Zeus, the chief of the Greek gods, became angry at Prometheus for making people powerful by teaching them all these useful skills. He is the younger brother of Atlas, who was banished to Tartarus during the Titanomachy. Prometheus, however, sided with the gods in the war, having foreseen their victory. Helios and Epimetheus also chose to defect. In doing so, Prometheus also tried to persuade his brother Atlas and their father Iapetus to side with the Olympians, but both of them ignored his attempts. After the Great War, Prometheus fashioned man from clay and helped them, even to the point of severely angering Zeus and, when the gods chose Prometheus as arbiter in a dispute, he fooled the gullible Zeus into picking the worst parts of the sacrificial bull by hiding them under a rich layer of fat. To punish Prometheus, Zeus withheld fire from men. â€Å"Let them eat their flesh raw,† he declared. In response, Prometheus, snuck up to Mount Olympus, lit a torch from the sun, and hid a burning piece of charcoal in a hollow stalk. He slipped away with it and thus delivered fire to mankind. As punishment however, Zeus then chained him to a mountain for an Eagle to peck out his liver only to have it regenerated through the night. Heracles eventually killed the eagle and freed Prometheus, which Zeus allowed as he deemed Prometheus’ suffering sufficient. Modern Prometheus The Modern Prometheus is Mary Shelley’s novel subtitle (though some modern publishings of the work now drop the subtitle, mentioning it only in an introduction). The term â€Å"Modern Prometheus† was actually coined by Immanuel Kant, referring to Benjamin Franklin and his experiments with electricity (this having to do with the way the creature was brought to life). As mentioned before, Prometheus was the Titan who created mankind, a task given to him by Zeus. He was to create a being with clay and water in the image of the gods. Prometheus taught man to hunt, read, and heal their sick, but after he tricked Zeus into accepting poor-quality offerings from humans, Zeus kept fire from mankind. Prometheus took back the fire from Zeus to give to man. When Zeus discovered this, he sentenced Prometheus to be eternally punished by fixing him to a rock where each day an eagle would peck out his liver, only for the liver to regrow the next day because of his immortality as a god. He was intended to suffer alone for all of eternity, but eventually Heracles (Hercules) released him. The way Prometheus makes man from clay and water is a relevant theme to Frankenstein, as Victor rebels against the laws of nature (how life is naturally made) and as a result is punished by his creation. The Titan in the Greek mythology of Prometheus parallels Victor Frankenstein. Victor’s work by creating man by new means reflects the same innovative work of the Titan in creating humans. According to the original myth, fire was the one thing that man was not supposed to have because it belonged solely to the Gods, so when Prometheus stole fire for man, it meant that man was trespassing on immortal territory and man suffered because of Prometheus’s gift. While Prometheus had his liver eaten every day, Victor didn’t have an organ ripped violently from his lower torso. But he did suffer a similar form of prolonged torture: all his loved ones being singled out and killed. He was not punished for stealing fire, but he was punished for trespassing on immortal territory by playing God. Also, fire is associated with goodness and knowledge. Fire is symbolic of human progress as well as the dangers of human invention, or possibly the dangers of nature as opposed to humans, and Victor’s creature is paralleled to fire in the Greek Myth: the creature could be good or bad, depending on how much care you take in approaching it. And in Victor’s case, that would be no care at all. While fire is good and useful, bringing warmth and the ability to cook, it can also be a weapon, a massively destructive force, if not properly controlled. The monster is the same. He had so much potential for good. He desired to be good, gentle, kind, and loving, but at every turn he was denied. Because of this he became a destructive force bent on the ruin of his maker. Victor Frankenstein is plagued by his creation. He is hunted, haunted, and tormented. The rest of his life becomes a game, a chase between creator and created. Much like Prometheus, Frankenstein suffers greatly for the good he tried to do. However, there are differences. Fire is an unthinking, unfeeling thing. It need not be taught. It does not require love. Fire did not require anything from Prometheus. The monster, on the other hand, was a being of great depth and feeling. He was capable of growth and good, but his master neglected and abandoned him. Frankenstein should not have abandoned the thing he created. He should have faced what he had done and given it a chance at a better life. There is also an other interpretation for this, perhaps a more plain one. In more recent science fiction, the Promethean myth is applied in the following way: mankind receives technology that is beyond their understanding. For instance, in the TV show â€Å"Stargate†, the first human interstellar ship is called â€Å"Prometheus† and it is build with the help of an alien race. This concept can also be applied to the work of Mary Shelley, explaining that men do require time and study to understand things as they truly are. The creature was not bad. It was made bad by men surrounding it. So, it can be said that both Prometheus and Frankenstein successfully created human life and faced results not in line with their expectations. In an attempt to help their creations, both Prometheus and Victor Frankenstein caused more damage and disorder. This eventually led to the harm of both, either through death or eternal torture. Conclusion As we could see, there are many similarities between the stories of Prometheus and Victor Frankenstein. Both tried to do â€Å"bend† the rules, in order to achieve something they believed would be beneficial. But in the end, they both caused more harm than good. Bibliography Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. Ed. Susan J. Wolfson. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007 Graves, Robert, The Greek Myths, Moyer Bell Ltd. , 1955. Mellor, Anne K. Mary Shelley: Her Life, her Fiction, Her Monsters. London: Routledge, 1990 Why is Frankenstein subtitled The Modern Prometheus? , available in http://www. angelfire. com/anime5/frank/Prometheus. html Frankenstein as Prometheus, available in http://cmaree. hubpages. com/hub/Frankenstein-as-Prometheus Analysis on Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, available in http://www. articlemyriad. com/analysis-frankenstein-mary-shelley Who was Prometheus? , available in http://www. enotes. com/frankenstein/q-and-a/frankenstein-who-was-prometheus-262555 How to cite Concept of Prometheus Within Frankenstein, Essay examples

Aviation and the Environment Contemporary Economy

Questions: Critically evaluate the issues with unconstrained aviation growth versus the call for global constraints on the growth of aviation for environmental reasons?. Critically assess the management challenges of maintaining corporate goals involving the sustainable development of aviation operations?. Critically evaluate the practical environmental activities that are now part of the management of airlines and airports?. Critically assess whether aviation can achieve the dramatic improvements required in environmental performance by innovation in aircraft design and airline and airport operations?. Answer: Intoduction: In the contemporary economy, the aviation industry is huge and growing. It assists in economic trade commerce and tourism and is, therefore, vital for the globalization process. For some consecutive years, the aviation industry is growing at a sustainable growth rate of 7% per annum. Air travel for both personal and professional as well as trade purpose has subsequently increased in the recent years. The globalized economy enjoys significantly from the capability to transport people and goods all over the world - promptly and safely. In the recent year, the total number of passengers traveling by air has doubled. In 2015, some passengers traveled by air in both domestic and international destinations in UK were 125,068,988 persons that were 118,605,858 in 2014 (Data.worldbank.org, 2016). The availability of bulky airplane such as the Boeing 747 made it suitable and reasonably priced for people to travel by air. Further, 58 million jobs and $2.4 trillion annual financial transactions that the industry ropes. With the increase in air traffic, the question of emissions and environmental damages are subsequently rising regarding Airline Business. There is an urgent necessitate of dealing with the environmental effects of air shipping. Millions of people are directly and indirectly affect by the pollution caused by aircraft emissions. With the increase in economic growth and the rise of the aviation industry, the problem of Aviation Emissions will increase if not checked with utmost priority. In 2012, aviation produced 689 million tons of carbon dioxide around the world (Grote et al. 2014). The aviation industry recognizes the necessitate to deal with the universal challenge of climate change and has taken some vital steps: in 2009 it adopted an determined set of pledge carbon neutral development from the year 2020 dependent upon vital aviation framework and technological improvements achieved by the industry and government. The adopted strategies can only achieve by adopting the four pillars: Investment in Technological development Increase effective operations management Building effective infrastructure Positive economic instruments Figure: IATAs four-pillar strategy Source: Created by Author In the following report, the author is analyzing the environmental challenges faced by the contemporary aviation industry and what are the necessary steps implemented to face these environmental challenges. The author has also recommended concluding the most important aspect of controlling to check pollution. The Challenges Facedby AviationIndustry: In the following study, the author discusses the following issues the specific relationship between the aviation industry and the environment. The environmental pollution caused by aircraft such as noise, harmful gasses, and particles, which affects climatic change. Aviation is a chief cause of air pollution, primary to major public health problems. Noise: According to the new study by the British Medical Journal, direct contact with the noise pollution can increase the risk of health. The noise created by aircraft also increases the risk of heart diseases. Scholarly studies showed that noise and health are adversely related. However, the aviation noise is a major problem and expected to grow in coming years (Bond et al. 2013). Air pollution: In spite of the small size of the aviation industry, it has significantly large impact on the climatic process. When researches and scholars are calling warnings against harmful radiation and suggesting reducing, aviation industry continues to contribute in the total harmful radiations, especially greenhouse gasses. For instance, since 1990, the total CO2 emission has increased by 83% by airplanes. Every time an aircraft takeoff, it leaves a large amount of harmful emission that causes a large amount of air pollution. In one of the reports, researches have argued that more people killed by air emission caused by airplanes than air crashes. Not only emission during takeoff and landing but also unregulated emissions from planes above 3000 feet are equally harmful. As estimated that a total number of 8000 die due to harmful emission above 3000 feet and 2000 people die globally due to pollution caused during landing and takeoffs. The the majority widespread reason for deat h as a result of air pollution are cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, including lung cancer, as stated by the UN's World Health Organization. (Barrett et al. 2012). It is not always necessary that areas near airports are the most polluted places. When an airplane takes at cruising height above the clouds, wind currents can fluff up the contamination wide spreading so that existing winds cause the pollution to fall from the sky about 10,000 kilometers to the east of the plane's route. (Barrett, Britter and Waitz, 2012). Greenhouse Gasses Produced by Airplanes During Flights: As soon as Jet fuel burns, the carbon in the petroleum is on the loose and combines with O2 in the atmosphere to shape CO2. Flaming aviation energy fuel as well releases water vapor, nitrous oxides, sulfate, and soot. A particular trait of airplane emissions, the majority, reduced at cruising altitudes more than 3000 meters. Systematic records have revealed that these emissions are injurious for climate impact since they generate a succession of chemical reactions and climatic effects that consecutively harm the global climatic system. TheIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,for example, has anticipated that the climate impact of airliners is far larger than the effect of their carbon dioxide emissions alone." (Ipcc.ch, 2016). When airplanes fly they exhaust Contrails consists of water droplets and frost which traps heat which otherwise break away from the earths atmosphere. As a result, contrails are advocating in global warming. While, night flights are more harmful than dayti me because studies have shown how contrails, in fact, reflect some sunlight away from entering earth. Initiatives to Control Aviation Emision: The International Air Transportation or the IATA is a trade organization, which controls air trade and commerce. Its members consist of 260 airlines from 170 countries. The main objective of IATA is to formulate and maintain standards in the aviation industry. IATA succeeded International Air Traffic Association in 1945. Like the airline, the industry grew and increased air traffic the responsibilities of IATA also increased. One of the major priorities of IATA is to ensure limited air pollutions and emissions caused by airplanes. The primary responsibility of IATA is: keep an eye on, review and act in response to environmental policies and issues of apprehension to member airlines boost and advocate common industry issues and challenges on ecological issues direct and, as needed, apply strategies to encourage IATA positions with stakeholders To meet the challenges the IATA members have mutually agreed to work on the following environmental issues: enhancement in fuel efficiency by reducing 1.5% per annum from 2009 through 2020 A reduction in net carbon emissions (carbon neutral growth) Sustainable development to reduce carbon emission by 50% till 2050 The IATA Four-Pillar Strategy: The fundamental problem is that unrestrained increase in airline emissions not well matched with 2050 environment improvement objectives and that the inflexibility and implementation of public policy involvements to direct aircraft emissions possibly will have extensive influence both on the economy for expansion or the tourism development. To achieve the above strategic plans regarding challenges faced in environmental issues, a well-built dedication is necessary starting all stakeholders functioning jointly in the course of the four pillars of the aviation industry strategy. The committee commissioned comprehensive analyses to approximate predictable reductions from technology, alternative fuels and operations to assess development on the way to the carbon neutral development objective for aircraft transportation system and to distinguish the challenges and issues to tackle by strategies, quality and standards, and estimations. Improvement of Technology: IATA checks and regulates the improvement of technologies to decrease aircraft emissions and evaluates their competence to accord to climate change objectives. It frequently publishes a "Technology Roadmap" unfolding the key innovations in aircraft technology presently emerging, the emissions declining probable that is offered and the impact on the global environment. Functioning mutually with strategic associates in the manufacturing engineering and research and development increases the chance to support new technologies amongst airline patrons and to accumulate airlines' reaction about the technological performances in emission reduction. Increase Effective Operations Management: IATA's Operational Efficiency Cost Management (OECM) agenda is to facilitate airlines recognize and build up cost-efficient ways, develop mostly operational cost framework and sustain or develop service of the airlines. The committee assists airline partners by presenting a set of key index performance or KPI to examine overall performance and focus on the required skills to control their cost resourcefully. IATA conducts programs that are a broad and reciprocal policy for airline workforce to progress they are perceptive of operational competence and price management on the issues of Ground Operations, Flight Operations, Operations Planning, Technical Operations, and Operations Control Centre (OCC)," (Iata.org, 2016). Building Effective Infrastructure: The Committee of IATA has taken responsibility to improve operational solutions for any challenge or issues in both on flight or ground. IATA initiates a leading position in influencing aviation scheduling and improvement projects globally to congregate aviation necessities for security, effectiveness, and functionality. The management wants to begin and sustain a worldwide infrastructural approach that commits efficient, sustainable planning and recent challenges and issues as well collaborating regional growth, which will promote cost effective measures and responsibilities to face developing environmental issues effectively. One of the main objectives is also to achieve paperless airline operations and decrease fuel spending and carbon emissions. Positive Economic Instruments: In the contemporary global economy, the aviation industry is playing a crucial role in economic development and progress. It assists a nations incorporation into the world economy, producing through uninterrupted advantages for users and other economic advantages as it facilitates its constructive effect on the overall economic development. The worldwide aviation industry is devoted or resolute to three consecutive goals or objectives to manage it is 2% of universal carbon emissions. The information analyses statistical techniques to approximate the financial rate of return i.e. individuals those are in accumulation to the through profits earned by stakeholders. For instance, a deal of C$1,805 million at Vancouver airport was likely to have lead to a 5.4% enhance transportation connectivity in Canada. As such, this raised Canadas long-term productivity by 0.04%. Presumptuous that some hours worked are invariable; this indicates an annual increase to Canadian GDP of C$348 million (Ia ta.org, 2016). Also, innovative solutions to accelerate clean technology improvement fleet renewal. If designed strategically emission trading can play a crucial role in economic revenue generation. The Five-Year Review Report: The significant aviation growth of checks over carbon emissions exemplifies the global pattern transfer towards a green economy over the last four years. In reply to timely forewarning calls that a potential environment change, the administration has put a required check and an increasing worth on aviation emissions, the fast budding aviation industry actively responded to develop into the pioneer in environment protection programs. This sector contributed the fair share to constant strategies to bind the temperature raise while the increase in air travel and its related developmental profit maintain to exceed potential. Globalization and speedy economic increase are motivating aviation industries sustainable development and growth. The IATAs four-decade-old pledge to check and dropping emissions by 2050 is slowly becoming a reality. Following an unequivocal negotiating authorization at the International Civil Aviation Organizations General Assembly in 2013, the planning of a universal economy-based system for global aviation emissions settled in 2016. This followed by UNFCCC conference, which convinced all chief global economies that there is no possible disadvantage by a determined universal climate change management approaching in 2020. Decreasing carbon emission is the new buzzword in the international aviation industry. Best Practices: Even though it is, an elaborate process to trim down the impact aviation industry has on the environmental change, technical improvements and efforts to ensure more sustainability of the industry. Real-time initiatives employed by aircraft business organization to meet the goals. For instance, In 2015, Cathay Pacific A340-300 recycled their four aircraft on their removal from the Cathay Pacific fleet. More than 90% of the mass of the aircraft was successfully recycled. In 2007, Airbus 380 initiated the use of fuel-efficient flights, and they took off the first flight with fuel-efficient oil with passengers successfully. Air France has taken a large number of strategies and commitments for sustainable improvement in climatic effect caused by air travel. Long-term plans to support to the European Emissions Trading Scheme, initiating more fuel-efficient aircraft, contribution a carbon calculator and the opportunity to obtain offsets, sustaining programs initiated by different authorities and organizations throughout monetary support for environmental development programs, popularizing the use of alternate and renewable fuel, and inspiring workforce to be involved in environmental development programs. British Airways is one of the most pioneers in taking initiatives to reduce emissions. The organization has already reduced 28% of fuel consumption since 1990 and is setting to beak its record by reducing 25% by 2025. The organization has also launched initiatives to get direct feedback ideas from customers reading carbon remission reduction. In JFK airport, management of British Airways uses energy efficient lights and water coolers. The management of Lufthansa Airlines has taken initiates to reduce the emission of nitrogen oxide by 80% by 2020 and CO2 emission by 25% by 2020. They are trying to new strategies and plans to improve fuel efficiency. The management also supports a "global emissions trading scheme and green incentives". Barriers to Success: The aviation industry recognizes the developing and imperative demand for the world to address the global environmental challenge. The aviation industry plays a fundamental role in economic sustainability growth and expansion and the need to remain protected, reasonably priced and reachable to make sure mobility on a fair basis to overall societal development. The world community, therefore, has a universal accountability to guarantee that aviation continues to convey essential communal and economic profit while tackling aircraft CO2 emissions. But the truth is that due to increasing in the global increase in demand for air travel and constant efforts by management and companies to achieve low-fare airlines with maximizing profits which are resulting in the use of fuel which is cheap but equally responsible for carbon emission. Alternative fuels and fuel-efficient oils are comparatively expensive, to reduce the overall cost of the aircraft flights, companies are going for cheaper opt ions (Winchester et al, 2013). In addition, due to global economic turmoil and uncertainty, there is a lack of new initiatives and investments in research and development in the production of fuel-efficient technology to reduce the carbon emission. Recommendations: The ICAO should make it mandatory any post-2012 global climatic change agreement agree on the reduction of emissions. The approach to check on carbon emission should be on global perspective and should not indulge on competitiveness among airline business. Rather it should be strategies to big harmony in the industry to fight collaborating. Organizations deliberately ignoring carbon emission initiatives should penalize not only financially but canceling the permits for the airline business. The aviation industry should priories the modernization of air traffic system to increase fuel efficiency in aircraft. The aviation industry should invest in aerodynamic and operations technology RD through scholastic and business associates. Initiatives of the improvement and commercialization of sustainable alternative biofuels should emphasize so that they can replace traditional aircraft fuel, which causes a large amount of carbon emission and other air pollutions. Conclusion: In the above report, the author has studied the situation of the aviation industry and the sustainable efforts taken by IATA to reduce the carbon emission to reduce the environmental pollution. The IACA is committed towards the climatic change effects of commercial aviation industry by an incorporated strategy of policy initiatives, technological advances, and operational development. The committee plan seeks to change the aircraft operating system in the airspace, technological development n aircraft, and innovation of alternative fuel to initiate in the reduction in carbon emission. The author has critically analyzed the four-pillar strategies adopted by IACA and real time airline business organizations are utilizing them to bring sustainable improvement of the environmental damages caused by air flights. Though the author has also discussed the barriers and problems faced to achieve the target by 2050. The study identifies restrictions to dropping carbon emission in conditions of socially constructed requirements. Lastly, the author has recommended a few steps that IACA and other airline business organizations can adopt for societal development in sustainable environmental development. References: Arif, M., Gupta, A., Williams, A. (2013). Customer service in the aviation industryAn exploratory analysis of UAE airports.Journal of Air Transport Management,32, 1-7. Barrett, S., Britter, R. and Waitz, I. (2012). Global Mortality Attributable to Aircraft Cruise Emissions. Environmental Science Technology, 44(19), pp.7736-7742. Bond, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Berntsen, T., DeAngelo, B. J., ... Kinne, S. (2013). Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment.Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres,118(11), 5380-5552. Broekel, T., Boschma, R. (2012). Knowledge networks in the Dutch aviation industry: the proximity paradox.Journal of Economic Geography,12(2), 409-433. Brown, W. L., Gilchrist, W. J. (2016). Assessing productivity to address safety concerns for information technology and promoting global standardization within aviation practices.Global Journal of Information Technology,5(2), 56-61. Cambaliza, M. O. L., Shepson, P. B., Caulton, D. R., Stirm, B., Samarov, D., Gurney, K. R., ... Sweeney, C. (2014). Assessment of uncertainties of an aircraft-based mass balance approach for quantifying urban greenhouse gas emissions.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,14(17), 9029-9050. Dale, B. E., Anderson, J. E., Brown, R. C., Csonka, S., Dale, V. H., Herwick, G., ... Lynd, L. R. (2014). Take a closer look: biofuels can support environmental, economic and social goals.Environmental science technology,48(13), 7200-7203. Data.worldbank.org. (2016). Air transport, passengers carried | Data | Table. [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.AIR.PSGR [Accessed 24 May 2016]. Eriksson, S., Steenhuis, H. J. (Eds.). (2015).The Global Commercial Aviation Industry. Routledge. GÅ‚owacki, P., Kawalec, M. (2015). Aircraft emissions during various flight phases.Combustion Engines,54. Grote, M., Williams, I. and Preston, J., 2014. Direct carbon dioxide emissions from civil aircraft.Atmospheric Environment,95, pp.214-224. Henry, J. P., Wallace, M. S. (2014). Buried in Regulations Emerging Issues in the Aviation Industry.The Brief,43(3), 50. Hoen, K. M. R., Tan, T., Fransoo, J. C., Van Houtum, G. J. (2014). Effect of carbon emission regulations on transport mode selection under stochastic demand.Flexible Services and Manufacturing Journal,26(1-2), 170-195. Hooidonk, R., Maynard, J. A., Manzello, D., Planes, S. (2014). Opposite latitudinal gradients in projected ocean acidification and bleaching impacts on coral reefs.Global change biology,20(1), 103-112. Iata.org. (2016). IATA - Efficiency Cost Management. [online] Available at: https://www.iata.org/whatwedo/ops-infra/pages/efficiency.aspx [Accessed 25 May 2016]. Ipcc.ch. (2016). IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [online] Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/news_and_events/news_and_events.shtml [Accessed 25 May 2016]. Kinnison, H. A., Siddiqui, T. (2012).Aviation maintenance management. Malina, R., McConnachie, D., Winchester, N., Wollersheim, C., Paltsev, S., Waitz, I. A. (2012). The impact of the European Union emissions trading scheme on US aviation.Journal of Air Transport Management,19, 36-41. McAfee, A., Brynjolfsson, E., Davenport, T. H., Patil, D. J., Barton, D. (2012). Big data.The management revolution. Harvard Bus Rev,90(10), 61-67. Preston, H., Lee, D. S., Hooper, P. D. (2012). The inclusion of the aviation sector within the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme: What are the prospects for a more sustainable aviation industry?.Environmental Development,2, 48-56. Preston, H., Lee, D. S., Hooper, P. D. (2012). The inclusion of the aviation sector within the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme: What are the prospects for a more sustainable aviation industry?.Environmental Development,2, 48-56. Schneider, S., Spieth, P., Clauss, T. (2013). Business model innovation in the aviation industry.International Journal of Product Development 12,18(3-4), 286-310. Tracht, K., von der Hagen, F., Schneider, D. (2013). Applied repairable-item inventory modeling in the aviation industry.Procedia CIRP,11, 334-339. Van der Linden, F. R. (2015).Airlines and Air Mail: The Post Office and the Birth of the Commercial Aviation Industry. University Press of Kentucky. Winchester, N., Wollersheim, C., Clewlow, R., Jost, N. C., Paltsev, S., Reilly, J. M., Waitz, I. A. (2013). The impact of climate policy on US aviation.Journal of Transport Economics and Policy (JTEP),47(1), 1-15.

Prostitution Essays (527 words) - Prostitution, Sex Industry

Prostitution I. Introduction Prostitution, performance of sexual acts solely for the purpose of material gain. Persons prostitute themselves when they grant sexual favors to others in exchange for money, gifts, or other payment and in so doing use their bodies as commodities. In legal terms, the word prostitute refers only to those who engage overtly in such sexual-economic transactions, usually for a specified sum of money. Prostitutes may be of either sex, but throughout history the majority have been women, who have usually entered prostitution through coercion or under economic stress. II. Preindustrial Societies Prostitution was widespread in preindustrial societies. In the ancient Middle East and India, sexual intercourse with prostitutes was believed to facilitate communion with the gods. In ancient Greece, prostitution flourished on all levels of society. In ancient Rome, prostitution also was common, despite severe legal restrictions. In the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), the Christian church, which valued chastity, attempted to convert or rehabilitate individual prostitutes but did not attack the institution itself. By the late Middle Ages, licensed brothels flourished throughout Europe, yielding enormous revenues to government officials and corrupt clergy members. During the 16th century prostitution declined sharply in Europe, largely as a result of stern reprisals by Protestants and Roman Catholics. They condemned its immorality but were also motivated by a connection between prostitution and an outbreak of syphilis, a disease that is often transmitted through sexual contact. III. Industrial Societies In the 18th century most continental European governments controlled prostitution through a system of compulsory registration, licensed brothels, and medical inspection of prostitutes. In Britain and the United States, prostitution flourished openly in urban so-called red-light districts. In time the corruption of licensed prostitution stirred protests throughout Europe. Many governments sought to check prostitution by trying to stop the international traffic in women and children. IV. Prostitution in the United States Prostitution in the United States today takes various forms. Some prostitutes, so-called call girls, operate out of their own apartments and maintain a list of regular customers. Some follow convention circuits or work in certain resort areas. The majority are so-called streetwalkers, who find their customers on city streets. Increasing numbers are young runaways to the city who turn to the streets for survival. Many prostitutes are managed by men known as pimps, who usually take much of the money earned by the women. V. Current U.S. Attitudes The United States remains one of the few countries with laws against prostitution. It is legal only in the state of Nevada. The rationale for its continued illegal status in the United States rests on three assumptions: prostitution is linked to organized crime, prostitution leads to increased crime in general, and prostitution is the cause of an increase in sexually transmitted diseases. These assumptions are now in question, as some experts have pointed out that prostitution is no longer an attractive investment for organized crime, and as public-health officials indicate that prostitutes account for only a small percentage of the country's sexually transmitted disease cases. Polls have shown that approximately half of the U.S. population would favor decriminalization of prostitution throughout the country. Decriminalization would free the courts and police to spend more time dealing with what are seen as more serious and violent crimes. The constitutionality of laws against prostitution is also in question, since they penalize prostitutes but not their customers.

Free Essays on Cimon

Cimon was an Athenian General of the 5th Century B.C. Cimon's father, Miltiades, died in prison when he could not pay a fine of fifty talents where he died, and his mother was named Hegesipyle, the daughter of King Olorus of Thrace. As a young man, Cimon had a reputation for being a drunk and not very bright. They accused him, in his younger years, of cohabiting with his own sister Elpinice, who, indeed, otherwise had no very clear reputation, but was reported to have been over intimate with Polygnotus, the painter. Some affirm that Elpinice lived with her brother, not secretly, but as his married wife, her poverty excluding her from any suitable match. But afterward, when Callias, one of the richest men of Athens, fell in love with her, and proffered to pay the fine the father was condemned in, if he could obtain the daughter in marriage, with Elpinice's own consent, Cimon betrothed her to Callias. No Greek before Cimon ever carried the scene of war so far from their own country. In politics, Cimon was pro-Sparta and the aristocracy, and it was only during one of his absences from the city that Ephialtes and Pericles managed to have control in most cases transferred from the court of the Areopagus to citizen juries. He was, indeed, a favorer of the Lacedaemonians even from his youth, and he gave the names of Lacedaemonius and Eleus to two sons, twins, whom he had, as Stesimbrotus says, by a woman of Clitorium, here as Pericles often upbraided them with their mother's blood. But Diodorus, the geographer, asserts that both these, and another son of Cimon’s, whose name was Thessalus, was born of Isodice, the daughter of Euryptolemus, the son of Megacles. When Athens was abandoned before the battle of Salamis, Cimon was the first to dedicate his bridle to Athena and board the ships. He fought well in the battle, and after Salamis, he was appointed admiral with Aristides. He followed Aristides' example, and by reasonable dealing ... Free Essays on Cimon Free Essays on Cimon Cimon was an Athenian General of the 5th Century B.C. Cimon's father, Miltiades, died in prison when he could not pay a fine of fifty talents where he died, and his mother was named Hegesipyle, the daughter of King Olorus of Thrace. As a young man, Cimon had a reputation for being a drunk and not very bright. They accused him, in his younger years, of cohabiting with his own sister Elpinice, who, indeed, otherwise had no very clear reputation, but was reported to have been over intimate with Polygnotus, the painter. Some affirm that Elpinice lived with her brother, not secretly, but as his married wife, her poverty excluding her from any suitable match. But afterward, when Callias, one of the richest men of Athens, fell in love with her, and proffered to pay the fine the father was condemned in, if he could obtain the daughter in marriage, with Elpinice's own consent, Cimon betrothed her to Callias. No Greek before Cimon ever carried the scene of war so far from their own country. In politics, Cimon was pro-Sparta and the aristocracy, and it was only during one of his absences from the city that Ephialtes and Pericles managed to have control in most cases transferred from the court of the Areopagus to citizen juries. He was, indeed, a favorer of the Lacedaemonians even from his youth, and he gave the names of Lacedaemonius and Eleus to two sons, twins, whom he had, as Stesimbrotus says, by a woman of Clitorium, here as Pericles often upbraided them with their mother's blood. But Diodorus, the geographer, asserts that both these, and another son of Cimon’s, whose name was Thessalus, was born of Isodice, the daughter of Euryptolemus, the son of Megacles. When Athens was abandoned before the battle of Salamis, Cimon was the first to dedicate his bridle to Athena and board the ships. He fought well in the battle, and after Salamis, he was appointed admiral with Aristides. He followed Aristides' example, and by reasonable dealing ...

Personal paper on anorexia regarding someone in family Statement

Paper on anorexia regarding someone in family - Personal Statement Example â€Å"In the U.S. and other countries with high economic status, it is estimated that about one out of every 100 adolescent girls has the disorder† (MedicineNet, 2009) I have a sister in who is affected by anorexia even though not in a severe manner. She was very much conscious about her physical appearances even from late childhood. Initially nobody cared much about such behavior and my parents thought her habits were quite normal. In my country, overweight is a big problems and obese people are trying every means to reduce their weight. Moreover gaining overweight create lot of physical and psychological problems like high blood pressure, type 2 diabetics, cardiac problems, lack of self esteem etc. So initially my parents encouraged her in her efforts to reduce her weight. But later we realized that she was affected by the mental disorder anorexia and need attention. This paper explains my knowledge about anorexia based on the characteristic s I observed in sister’s behavior after she was confirmed with anorexia. â€Å"Anorexia usually begins in young people around the onset of puberty. Individuals suffering from anorexia have extreme weight loss. Weight loss is usually 15% below the persons normal body weight. The disorder is thought to be most common among people of higher socioeconomic classes and people involved in activities where thinness is especially looked upon, such as dancing, theater, and distance running† (MamasHealth, 2009). Normally people who belong to the high class society would be more conscious about their physical appearances compared to low class societies. Low class people might have lot of other issues related to their survival in the society. So they might not be concerned with the physical beauty much. On the other hand, those who belong to high class society may not have much serious issues related to their survival in the

Factors affecting the rate of a chemical reaction The kinetics of a Lab Report

Factors affecting the rate of a chemical reaction The kinetics of a Thiosulfate Solution - Lab Report Example The first protonation occurs at the sulfur atom. (Holleman & Wiberg, 2001) Various approaches are used to study the kinetics of reactions. A usual procedure is to monitor some property, such as intensity of color due to a reactant or product, which changes during the course of a reaction. In the present experiment, the priority studied is the precipitation of a product, sulfur, which forms when solution of hydrochloric acid and Thiosulfate are mixed. On mixing a solution of acid, such as HCI, and a thiosulfate solution, there is an initial time-delay, then a precipitate of sulfur appears fairly sharply. The time interval between initial mixing and sulfur precipitation is a measure of the initial rate of reaction (i.e. the amount of time for a given amount of product, sulfur, to form). Recall that a rate for a chemical reaction is expressed as an amount of product formed (or reactant used up) divided by the time interval of the change: The aim of my experiment is to determine the dependence of the initial rate of reaction on the initial concentration of thiosulfate ion. The concentration of the other reactant, H+, will be kept constant. A higher initial concentration of thiosulfate will lead to faster rate of reaction, since an increase in the number of thiosulfate ions per unit volume will lead to higher probability for successful collision. (2) A solution of 1 M sodium thiosulfate, is available (center bench or hood). Add 70 mL of this solution to 210 mL of water to make a solution approximately 0.25 M in thiosulfate. We will refer to this as your "stock thiosulfate solution". (7) The experiment is now repeated four more times, using progressively more dilute thiosulfate solutions. Note, however, that for each experiment, the disappearance of the "X" corresponds to formation of the same amount of precipitated sulfur in the reaction mixture. The diluted solutions are prepared as follows: Both

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Strategic management - Essay Example New York Times has identified that Zara has the capacity to replenish stocks twice a week (Lutz, 2012). What Zara Really Do Zara has crafted their value chain in a demand flexible manner with an intention of enhancing forward and backward integration in the operation (Lancaster and Massingham, 2010, p. 195). The company has implemented integration in various value chain activities such as managing lead time, stock replenishment, incorporating latest fashion in designing and raw material tracking with an intention of achieving sustainable business growth. The company has decreased steps of value chain in order to decrease total turnaround times. More than two hundreds fashion professionals supervise the product designing phase in order to offer customer superior quality cloths and decrease probability of getting outdated in contrast to latest fashion trend. Zara emphasizes on establishing stable relationship with value chain partners in order to decrease lead time in product offering. The company has decreased turnaround time to only 14 days with the help of superior synchronization between forward and back integration. Zara offers fashion apparels for three types of customers such as men, women and children. Currently the company is offering products in more than five hundred cities across the world. External Analysis PESTLE Zara is a Spanish company hence it will be viable to do macro environmental analysis of the company in their home ground. The report will conduct PESTLE analysis of Spain in order to understand strategic position of Zara. Political PP is running the government of the country and public has rejected for ruling party PSOE in last year election. The country is suffering from various problems like high unemployment rate, high public debt and low GDP growth. Spanish government has implemented austerity measures of â‚ ¬65bn in order to reduce the financial deficit to 3% within next two years. Zara is facing a financial tumultuous period in hom e ground hence it will be interesting to see effect of austerity measure in their business. Spanish government structure can be understood by the following diagram. (Source: Market Line, 2012a) Economic Research conducted by Marketline shows that annual GDP growth of Spain will be reduced by 1.07% within next one year and other factors like retail sales, domestic consumption and industry output will be decreased by more than 3.5% within next one year. Economic recession has triggered the unemployment rate of the country to 20 year high 24.4%. All these factors are indicating that Zara will face a demand crunch in the home country. Stagnant GDP growth rate of the country can be explained by the following diagram. (Source: Market Line, 2012a) UNCTAD or United Nations Conference on Trade and Development has pointed out that FDI in Spain has decreased from $40.8 to $29.5bn in last two years. Dwindling FDI condition of the country can be understood by the following diagram. (Source: Mark et Line, 2012a) The country is suffering from increasing inflation rate which is hampering overall growth rate. Fluctuating nature of inflation can be analysed in the following manner. (Source: Market Line, 2012a) Staggering unemployment rate of Spain can be explained by the following diagram. (Source: Market Line, 2012a) Social Government has reformed the existing pension scheme and which can increase savings 3.5% of GDP by 2050. Spanish labour market reform will provide flexibility and competitiveness to retailers

Hospitality And Tourism In Lebanon Tourism Essay

Hospitality And Tourism In Lebanon Tourism Essay Lebanon is a very old nation rich in natural beauty. It provides charming seashores and internal mountainous area with fresh surroundings. Accommodations vary from extravagance establishments to mid-range hotels providing to families. Leisure can be set up in these hotels for both children and parents. Transportations in Lebanon are easy to access; buses and taxis are all over the place. Lebanon is famous for its old and new attractions for example museums, grottos and ski resorts. Cities as well are attractions to tourists; in each city there is something new to learn about and experience. Lebanon is filled with local and international restaurants. Prices differ as you get to choose the location and type of cuisine. Besides that, cruises became popular in Lebanon, different type of games in it has let the tourist to come and experience. Other gaming sectors are also found in Lebanon, for instance skiing, and bungee jumping from the high mountains within the destination. The clubs present plenty of preferences and mixtures of services so guests can experience and have fun. The mixture of entertaining and meetings has aimed to the higher the expansion movement in tourism. Apart from that, most of the facilities marketing departments have adopted a customer segmentation system so as to optimize revenues and reduce on the expenses. This leads to maximized yields. Segmentation gives the clients a sense of belonging and makes them loyal to the clubs. The sales staff is also highly trained so that they can handle ambitious targets and execute them in real time. Lebanon welcomes the guests with its warm hospitality that everyone talks about. Introduction Lebanon, the smallest country in the Middle East, has been an important destination and a spotlight to tourists from around the world for its strategic position next to the Mediterranean Sea. Its tourism industry rate has been increasing each year. Lebanon is popular for its ancient history that had gone from the remains of ancient Roman to well conserved palaces of the medieval times. Looking at its touristic side, Lebanon is the only Arab country that offers skiing activities, and for its breathtaking scenery, it offers a spectacular view of the old and new. As for its night life, Lebanon has the best restaurant club in the Middle East, the Sky Bar, where foreign lives the inspiration of its special events and wild life. Beside the night parties, Lebanon still maintains its high quality food such as Tabouleh, Hommous, Kebbeh, and not forgetting its traditional desserts Knafe and Um Ali. On the other hand, hospitality plays a very important role where traditional Lebanese hotels are highly recommended for their gracious services. Hotels there welcome you with the best hospitality in which they make sure to please their guests. By far, Lebanon is one of the most popular Arab countries that most tourists visit and speak highly about its hospitality. Accessibility The transportation infrastructure in Lebanon is very different as some areas have high quality especially modern primary and secondary roads, bridges, highways and most importantly the Beirut international airports. Whereas some parts of the country still have poor road conditions due to the Lebanese civil war in (1975-1990) and Lebanon War (2006) with Israel that damaged the roads and railed networks massively. The major forms of transport in Lebanon are buses, taxis, and ferries. The most popular mode of transportation is the service taxis, which is easily identifiable from the red number plate. Apart from travelling from the international airport, one can travel through to Lebanon from Cyprus by ferry and Damascus by road. Amenities Tourists would like to improve their experience when traveling; therefore they would like to shop. Lebanon is very well known for its fashion designers, so tourists are able to visit the boutiques that are located in Beirut. Malls are located in Beirut as well. Traditional Lebanese shops can be found on the streets, where tourists can have a look and grab something for a memory. Also, festivals like Baalbek, Byblos and Beiteddine take place each year presenting different themes. Mostly, these events have opportunities toward tourists to find out remarkable sites and cherish some moments. In addition, Lebanon includes best hospitals with experienced doctors that have completed their field in Europe. When it comes to education, universities in Lebanon are widely recognized as the best edification in the Middle East. Attractions Lebanon holds large selection of valleys, old structures, and admired traveler places that must be explored by tourists when visiting. From Beirut to Baalbek, Sidon to Tyre, Tripoli to Byblos, and many more cities in Lebanon are themselves tourists attractions. Beirut National Museum is an example of the historic monuments that was recognized in Lebanon in 1937 and was officially opened in 1942. This museum holds several pieces of antiques and work of art back then from the ancient era. Another museum tourists visits the most is Gibran museum that opened in 1995. Besides that, Jeita Grotto a beautiful limestone cave is positioned in the North of Beirut. Its one of the main attractions and was elected to be one of the 7 wonders of the world. It consists of lower and upper caves. Tourists should take a boat to discover the lower cave, as it controls a belowground river which supplies the Lebanese with fresh water. Accommodations Lebanon is always ready when it comes to accommodations. Other than hotels and chalets, many cities in Lebanon like Batroun and Jounieh offer apartments and villas for rent. One of the trendiest is SAIFI Suites; it is to be found in the center of Beirut. Its next to the Gemmayzeh; the best place for social and entertainment activities at night. This 4-star hotel tends to provide Wi-Fi without charging the customer, and leisure centers for relaxation. For site seen, this accommodation contains a balcony in each suite where you are able to glaze at the beautiful view of the town. The hotels restaurant and wine lounge, serve selections of food and beverages to satisfy the customers needs. There are room types in this hotel; one of them is the deluxe one-bedroom suite that holds a maximum of two people and is for 844 AED per night. Restaurants Lebanon still maintains its reliability when it comes to food. The traditional Lebanese food is highly spoken about and enjoyed by many people around the world. However, tourists can experience not only Lebanese cuisines but also different types of cuisines that are extended throughout the cities and villages restaurants in Lebanon. All restaurants differ in prices depending on the location and the category they fall in. For instance, Al Dente is an Italian restaurant in the Albergo Hotel at Achrafieh. Ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s a quiet restaurant, where tourists can listen to Italian music playing in the background while dining. Moreover, downtown Beirut includes many restaurants with reasonable prices that satisfy everyone. Karam Beirut is one of the restaurants there, which targets many tourists who look for the best Lebanese restaurant. Hotels Known for its hospitality, Lebanon offers the tourists 500 different choices of hotels to experience. These hotels are classified from their quality and service depending on the position and price. Most top hotels that provide greatest services are known to be located at the sea-side. For example, The Riviera Hotel, a 5 star rate in Beirut, located opposite to the Mediterranean Sea, was opened in 1956. This hotel is identified as one of the most visited accommodation by tourists. One hundred twenty guest rooms and suites provided are modernized to add a trendy experience to this deluxe atmosphere. Fifty six years and this hotel still maintain its steadiness comparing it to others. Moreover, the prices differ from a season to another; in summer vacation tourists come to visit Lebanon therefore the prices of hotels are set to be high. However, from October till May the prices are flexible and able to be discussed. Clubs and Mice Facilities Being a country located in the Middle East, Lebanon is not widely known to be a tourist destination. This is due to the circumstances facing the region since over the years; war has been the most major situation that prevails. This made it difficult for the country to emerge as a destination for meetings, incentives, conferencing and exhibitions (MICE). Business events sector is a sector that is among the top sectors in terms of growth in any economy (Baum 2009, p.8). However in recent years, Lebanon has defied these adverse circumstances. There are many incentive rewards that accompany audience to a conference to any country (Weber 2002, p.102). The country has even described the sector as one of the key drivers of the economy in terms of foreign direct investment. Tourists coming into the country always mean an improvement to the domestic economy. Since the country is still gaining ground in the industry, there are not as many MICE facilities and clubs as compared to the western co untries. Regardless, the rate at which the sector is growing is worth noting given all the odds against the country. To attract more tourists, modern facilities have been built for future use. Most of them have contemporary interior designs, with each unit being self-sufficient. Each unit contains a private bar for clients to enjoy their stay in a sophisticated manner. The clubs have interactive television systems that allow tourists on the forum to interact through video conferencing. International satellite channels are also available in these facilities. Internet connectivity is paramount since it is the easiest way to connect and also interact on a real time basis. It is also important for staying in touch with all the stakeholders involved including their families back at home. Apart from the suites, there are also large conferences halls, to improve meetings and conferencing. One of these clubs, Club Rotana, is in Beirut. Most tourists visiting Lebanon for conferencing purposes end up at this modern club. Movenpick Hotel and Resort also located in Beirut is another key MICE facility in Lebano n. This hotel held a dynamic conference on education and networking in the month of October this year. These star hotels attract clients due to their charming look and comfort. Gaming and Cruising Sector The luxurious suites and advanced technology are not the only centers of attraction in these facilities. There are other activities that make these facilities significant tourist attraction sites. This is because the resorts have cruising and gaming spots. The games range from casinos to skiing in the mountains. Most of the facilities are in the capital city Beirut since the city is in a favorable environment for conducting activities such as cruising. Facilities such as Club Rotana have Casinos. This is because most tourists engage in these activities during their leisure time. One company offering cruising services is the Abou Merhi Cruises. This company has several cruise ships that tourists use during their cruising endeavors. Abou Merhi is in Beirut, the heart of Lebanese tourism and MICE facilities. This firm also boasts of over thirty two gaming machines, and also over seven poker games. The hotels will assign each of these games their own tables. Different clients can gather at different tables according to their taste. Casino gambling is illegal in some countries. In Lebanon, it is legal. This attracts clients that come from those countries where it is illegal to gamble at casinos. Abou Merhi is complete with hotel residence suites. This firm owns a cruising boat known as Orient Queen. The tourists are able to gamble in a casino and at the same time cruise during any time of any day. Some clients do not like gambling. They will play Bingo which is easier to do than gambling. This game does not require an individual to have any experience so as to enjoy. One can chat and make friends while enjoying a day long cruise. Gambling is not the only game offered in Lebanon. There are other exciting and fun games such as lottery, dog racing and horse racing. These games not only show excitement but they also add to the experiences of tourists and this will convince them to continue visiting the country. The combination of fun and conferencing concerns in these Lebanese clubs has led to the upward trend in growth, in tourism. Hospitality management, HR Practices, and Marketing Management Companies The development of these sectors has emanated from the management of the facilities and policies set by them. Management is a key driver in the growth of any business. It involves taking into account every aspect of the business and making decisions concerning the business. In order to satisfy their clients from abroad, the managers of these facilities have to make decisions on hospitality and design routines that are secure according to the clients. International hospitality management in Lebanon is capital intensive (Yu 1999, p.99). Some of these clubs such as Club Rotana have lounges facing the Mediterranean Sea giving the tourists a spectacular view of the sea. The tourists are also subject to private reception when they are checking in and also when they are checking out. Most of the clients that visit Lebanon in search of MICE facilities belong to the upper class in the society. They prefer better and luxurious spots. Privacy is paramount for these clients. This is why most clu bs and MICE facilities are situated in magnificent locations to attract these clients. The administration also ensures that their clients have access to daily local newspapers on a daily basis. This keeps the clients at par with what is happening globally. This is an appropriate hospitality decision made by managers of these facilities. This makes the facilities self reliant such that the clients do not have to travel elsewhere searching for informative media such as the newspapers. The Human Resource section only hires qualified staff that is capable. This is done to ensure that the staff upholds professionalism and perform their duties with integrity. Their purpose is to provide the best when it comes to Arab hospitality. They dedicate their energy to raising standards in the hotel and accommodation industry. The clubs know that if standards are low, they will not attract as many clients especially from foreign countries. They must provide services that are hard to find in the clientsà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ countries. The management of these facilities also commits to learning of different cultures of different countries so as to be able to provide the best according to the clientsà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ backgrounds. This is the only way that they will be able to understand what their clients prefer most. With this knowledge, the clubs will be able to satisfy their clients and ensure that they make the club their destination of choice if they ever visit Lebanon again. The marketing departments targets attracting corporate clients and maintaining close contacts with them. Personal relationships between the clubs and the clients create friendship. This friendship translates to formation of loyal customers. The customers will attract their close allies and recommend the clubs to them. This creates an increased market base for the clubs from all around the world. Franchising and ethical Franchising has become a popular interest in Lebanon. Since the tourism sector is still developing, most businesses are resorting to franchising their products in order to appeal to new clients globally. The hotels and clubs use names of already established brands in other countries so as to gain access to these markets. Once foreign clients know about these clubs and hotels, they will earn interest. This will create a new market for the Lebanese clubs and hotels. Lebanon has liberal laws that guarantee the existence of a free market. The laws also encourage foreign investment. The Lebanese Commercial Code governs all the companies in Lebanon, and as a requirement, the companies have to maintain a lawyer. The lawyer ensures that the decision makers understand legal procedures in the event of any decision making. All corporations doing business in Lebanon have to pay a tax rate of not more than ten percent of the net profits. The corporations should also pay a five percent rate on div idends. The Lebanese business entities maintain the integrity and treat their clients with respect. They also treat their employees well to ensure their businesses success. Conclusion Lebanon started to build new facilities to magnetize tourists. Today, Lebanon holds many attractions where visitors can explore via much transportation. It also contains great activities such as skiing, caving, and swimming to entertain tourists. It as well provides bungee jumping and parachuting that occur in the mountains. Hotels and restaurants are always opened to welcome tourists and locals with the best they have. City and country clubs are always there with their facilities to allow you both relax and amuse. In general, visiting this small country that is full of artificial and natural thrills will allow the tourist to experience and gain knowledge about the Lebanese culture.

Moshe Dayan Research :: essays research papers fc

â€Å"Moshe Dayan was an Israeli military warrior who became a crusader for peace. He was skilled in both battle and diplomacy. He played a key role in four wars, but also helped negotiate the historic Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty.† â€Å"Moshe Dayan was a Soldier and statesman who led Israel to dramatic victories over its Arab neighbours and became a symbol of security to his countrymen.† Moshe Dayan was born in a kibbutz, in a town called Deganya Alef (Alef is the name for the letter A in Hebrew) in Palestine, then still part of the Ottoman Empire May 20th, 1915. His parents were Shmuel and Devorah, and he was the first child born in the newly-established community. When he was only 14 he joined the Haganah. (The Haganah (In Hebrew: "Defense") was a Zionist military organization in Palestine). He was very influenced by military techniques and teachings officer Orde Wingate gave Moshe. Afterwards he went to Bulgaria where he graduated from the military academy. This is a picture of Moshe’s Birthplace. He was once arrested by the British, (when the Haganah was declared illegal), but released after two years when the British cooperated with them during World War II. While he was serving on the Australian 7th Infantry Division, Dayan lost his left eye and began wearing the eyepatch that became his trademark, and later Dayan received the â€Å"Distinguished Service Order†, one of the highest military honors. During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Dayan occupied various positions of importance, first as the commander of many military units on the central front. Later he was he became the prime minister’s protà ©gà ©, together with Shimon Peres (the future Prime Minister). After the 1948 war, Dayan’s ranking rose very fast. From 1955 to 1958 he was the Chief of Staff of the Israeli Defense Force, where he commanded the Israeli forces during the â€Å"Suez Crisis†. â€Å" In 1959, Dayan joined MAPAI, the leftist party in Israeli politics. Until 1964 he served as the minister of agriculture in Israel, and in 1967, Eshkol (current prime minister) decided to give him the position of Minister of Defense.†2 General Moshe Dayan (center), Chief of Staff General Yitschak Rabin (right) and General Uzi Narkiss (left), enter Old Jerusalem in 1967 Dayan was still the secretary of defense when the â€Å"Yom Kippur War† catastrophically began on October 6, 1973. He was in charge for military planning, and at first didn’t opt for a mobilization of the army, he said that he didn’t want Israel to appear as the aggressor, and that Israel could win the war even after an Arab attack.

How Effective Are Various Methods in Reducing Recidivism Essay

Prison, non-custodial sentences and rehabilitation seem all failed in reducing recidivism; however, there is little and limited evidence to support non-custodial sentences, as well as some people think if rehabilitation could be implemented effectively, it would work. Although the advantage of prison is keeping our society from dangerous people, when it comes to reducing recidivism rate, the effect of prison is disappointing. The public usually think that imprisonment is safer for communities; however, it appears powerless to deter inmates from committing crime again. In the article, â€Å"Study shows building prisons did not prevent repeat crimes†, Fox Butterfield (2002) cites a large-scale study of recidivism from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, which investigated up to 272,111 former prisoners in 15 states during the first three years after being released. It found that 67% of inmates broke the law again in three years right after their release in 1994. It is surprised that it does not make any difference to recidivism rate which was studied in 1960’s, and it is even 5% higher than the study done in 1983. In addition, it indicated that the more rearrest records a criminal has, the higher recidivism rate he has. The inmates who have more than 15 prior arrests have 82. 1% of recidivism rate. Nevertheless, according to Emily Kingham’s article (2006), she believes that prison forces offenders to regret and reflect on their behaviour; as for the reason that criminals cannot reject the temptation of committing new crime is because of inadequate provided support. In spite of this, some experts have admitted that prison does not work in terms of reducing recidivism rate (Considering the alternatives 1978; Finckenauer 1988). Some limited evidence has shown that non-custodial sentences may decrease recidivism; regardless of some experts being sceptical about their desired achievements. On the one hand, alternative sentences can help government save money and alleviate over-cramped number of criminals in prison (Considering the alternatives 1978). On the other hand, Kingham(2006) points out that alternative sentences do nothing but return prisoners to their original circumstances, which result in unawareness of their crimes and the onsequences. One study indicated that through one of alternative sentences, intensive probation, recidivism rate is less than 20%; however, the evidence maybe weak as the study has not been completely put into practice (Considering the alternatives 1978). Furthermore, in the Minnesota, alternative sentences have been successfully adopted to keep criminal rate not increasing, but it may not be convinced because of the source not being confirmed (Considering the alternatives 1978) . While some people argue rehabilitation is also failed in reducing recidivism rate, some authors counter that if government could support rehabilitation, recidivism rate would decrease. According to the article, â€Å"Prison†, James O. Finckenauer (1988) cites some studies, which shows that even though the government has already provided with good rehabilitation programmes, they cannot achieve reformatory of inmates. On the other hand, this position is contested by Joan Petersilis (cited in Butterfield 2002), a professor of criminology at the University of California at Irvine and an expert on parole, who says that state governments spent such little money on rehabilitation programs that inmates do not receive sufficient help with drug addition, work skill and preparation for a new life, which may lead increasing recidivism rate. Butterfield (2002) further cites the statement by Mr. Travis, who also argues that criminals return to crime.

Slope Formula to Find Rise over Run

Slope Formula to Find Rise over Run The slope formula is sometimes called rise over run. The simple way to think of the formula is: Mrise/run. M stands for slope. Your goal is to find the change in the height of the line over the horizontal distance of the line. First, look at a graph of a line and find two points, 1 and 2. You can use any two points on a line. The slope will be the same between any two points on a straight line.Note the X and Y value for each of the points.Now well designate the X and Y value for points 1 and 2. Well use subscripts to identify them in the slope formula. The formula for the slope of the straight line going through the points (X1, Y1) and (X2, Y2) is given by M (Y2 - Y1) / (X2 - X1) The answer, M is the slope of the line. It can be a positive or negative value. The subscripts are only used to identify the two points. They are not values or exponents. If you find this confusing, you could give the points names instead. How about Bert and Ernie? Point 1 is now Bert and Point 2 is now ErnieLook at the graph and note their X and Y values:(XBert, YBert) and (XErnie, YErnie)The slope formula is now: M (YErnie - YBert) / (XErnie - XBert) Slope Formula Tips and Tricks The slope formula can give a positive or a negative number as a result. In the case of vertical and horizontal lines, it can also give no answer or the number zero. If the slope is a positive value, the line is rising. The technical term is increasing.If the slope is a negative value, the line is descending. The technical term is decreasing.You can check your math by eyeballing the graph. If you got a negative slope but the line is clearly rising, you made an error. If the line is clearly going down and you got a positive slope, you made an error. It could be you mixed up X and Y and points 1 and 2.Vertical lines have no slope. In the equation, you are dividing by zero, which does not produce a number. If a quiz asks the slope of a vertical line, dont say zero. Say it has no slope.Horizontal lines have a zero slope. Zero is a number. In the equation, you are dividing zero by a number and the result is zero. If a quiz asks the slope of a horizontal line, say zero.Parallel lines have equal slopes. If you find the slope of one line, you dont have to run the formula for the other line. They will be the same. This can save you some time and effort.Pe rpendicular lines have negative reciprocal slopes. If two lines cross at a right angle, you can find the slope of one and then change the value for the other to negative or positive.

Liberia - This is a story about a Jamaican girl that lived in New York and returns to Jamaica to find out that she cannot fit in or understand the culture around her.

Liberia - This is a story about a Jamaican girl that lived in New York and returns to Jamaica to find out that she cannot fit in or understand the culture around her. "I do not want to punish you on a Monday morning," warned Mr. Singh.The chattering of the girl students in the vast hall, stopped abruptly. They all watched him attentively and listened routinely as if he was a divine nature and a state of royalty. He was standing in the middle of the hefty stage. Behind him were elevated closed curtains of the stage. He was a short hunched-back man, on his face showed the start of being aged. He wore a white blouse and dark pants at all times he was seen at the school. He was a man of many words. A man of ignorance Liberia thought.He began to talk again."You have no respect for god. You come into this holy hall for the sake of worshipping god and this is how you behave?"He shifted on the stage and began to point indirectly while he talked.These students in Bong County, Liberia, study by c..."If you come into this cathedral and continue to talk among yourselves, something must awfully be wrong with you. Something," he emphasized, "must really be wron g with you. You have no respect for god at all."There was continued deafening silence. Liberia, could hear the steady heartbeats of the girls, while Mr. Singh continued talking.Liberia began to close her eyes. She wanted to wish all of this away. She wanted to relinquish her soul and open the people's eyes to the truth that will set them free from this spiritual confinement.Every word he spoke, she thought, targeting those girls as imperfect humans. She felt the oppressive atmosphere weighing down on her shoulders all over her physical and mental being. She shook in a rhythm as if silently pushing away the mentally oppressive hands from her shoulders."You come here now!""Yes you!"A girl emerged slowly from the long...

Time Traveling, Art Historian Book Chapters - Roman Paintings Essay

Time Traveling, Art Historian Book Chapters - Roman Paintings - Essay Example The essay "Time Traveling, Art Historian Book Chapters - Roman Paintings" explores the Roman Paintings. From observing the living conditions of the people, it was very clear that they used paintings as more than just dà ©cor hanging on a wall. Their domestic conditions and living scenarios were very claustrophobic. Most of the dwellings were windowless, dingy and dark. In an attempt to right this, and to visually brighten up their rooms, the Romans painted in scientific ways that helped brighten up their homes. This included the fresco technique of painting and other forms. It wasn’t unusual to walk in to a room painted with the brightest of hues, or a wall that was divided into â€Å"multiple rectangular areas like the tic-tac-toe design†. Multi-point and trompe-l’oeil effects were also widespread in Rome. In my escapades of Rome I was lucky enough to witness the preparation and painting of a Fresco! It was a highly complex process, but the result was beautiful . Preparation involved firstly applying a few coats of mortar – a mixture of lime and sand, which was â€Å"followed by a few coats of lime and finely powdered marble†. The next step involved the application of coloured pigments to make the designs on the still-damp wall, followed by application of tempera and liquid wax after the wall dried. In the late nineteenth century, four styles of painting were identified and I was very lucky to have been able to observe them all in my visit to Rome. Incrustation was the first style which I witnessed as being ‘originated.... Incrustation was the first style which I witnessed as being ‘originated in the early 2nd century BC’. (â€Å"Roman Painting†, 2009). When viewed, I was strongly reminded of marble veneering. The painted decoration is very similar to slabs of coloured marble. A great example of this style is the Samnite House in Herculaneum. Observing this piece, I could only imagine how this style manages to represent the cultural aspirations of the middle class of the time. The second style, which was developed almost a century later, allowed the â€Å"opening up the wall by allowing illusions of windows and porticos†, therefore giving one a distinct feeling of looking out at imaginary sceneries. (â€Å"Roman Painting†, 2009). Gazing upon samples of this type, such as the Odyssey paintings from a Roman House currently in the Vatican, I couldn’t help but be immersed and lost in sceneries so beautiful, that it was hard to believe they were not really there. The third style is Ornamental. This was probably the first picture gallery, as the style focused on closing up walls to create said effect. As I wandered through rooms, I noticed typically, a large central piece that was surrounded by a smaller picture on each side. The fourth style seems to have been named for paintings many decades later. It is a heterogeneous style that incorporates bits from each of the previous ones. (â€Å"Roman Painting†, 2009) Chapter 2: Islamic Art of Ornamentation After Rome, and the amazing paintings I had been lucky to witness, I decided it was time for another great civilization – Islam. I wanted to witness something different†¦ something beautiful and

Organizational Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational Management - Essay Example After careful planning, comes the phase of directing. Direction starts the actions for retrieving best results in any organization; it makes sure that each employee contributes towards organizational goals and paves the way for balance and stability. Also, it is important to keep alive the managerial competencies of Motivation, Supervision, Communication, and Leadership. Following directing, staffing is also essential for establishing competencies needed for challenges, for retaining professionalism and personnel and for best allocation of human resources (Terry, 1977). After staffing, controlling comes to adjusting the operations of the organization. It basically keeps check on whether appropriate progress towards objective is done or not, and if mandatory any action will be taken to control these deviations. They systems of control also make sure that organization is run effectively and efficiently. The core managerial competencies also affect the decision making power of an organization. Leading guides the employee of the organization to carry out the mandatory tasks by motivating these employees to accomplish the organizational goals. It is a crucial element in all of the elements. Communication and self management also play an adhesive role along with leading to strengthen the decision making power of a firm (Terry, 1977). From the managerial school of thought, there are various different decision making models in business management. The decision making models hold immense importance in the decision making procedure of management. Employing the different decision making models will enhance the success of success in a business. Decision making models are adaptive, rational, collective participation, planned, emergent, and intuitive (Terry, 1977). There have been number of motivation theories proposed for boosting the level of motivation in any organization. Taylor focused on studying tasks and developing accurate

Gender Bias at Birth Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Gender Bias at Birth - Research Paper Example During 1990 Amartya Sen conducted a research named â€Å"More than 100 million women are missing† and figured out that there is a variation between the population of females in Western nations and Eastern nations (Sen 1). She even figured out that in nations that fall in the regions of Asia and Africa face the issue of lower birth rate of female gender than male gender. She even asserts that certain Asian nations such as Japan are experiencing women majority population while others that are less developed such as Pakistan and India experience male majority in the society. She further figured out that certain regions of India, the female population is in the majority and in other regions the male population is in majority. The most common reasons cited for decreased women population in an Eastern nation is that Eastern nations are sexist. Amartya argues that this is not true since there are certain Eastern nations such as Japan that have a women majority. A similar research was conducted by Sucharita Sinha Mukherjee named â€Å"Women’s Empowerment and Gender Bias in the Birth and Survival of Girls in Urban India†, in this research she figured out that the previously held view that as development arises, biases towards female birth and anti-feminists believe the decline is incorrect (Mukherjee 26). The researcher figured out that census of India has failed to accurately account for females in the nation. She even figured out that even during the census of 2001 sex selection at birth still occurs. The researcher focused on discrimination at birth in the context of gender still prevails even in the fast developing urban regions of India and the previously held view that this kind of discrimination only arises in underdeveloped nations is flawed. The researcher even figured out that rich families of India prefer birth of females as this does not cause the issue of inheritance.

The Lang report Essay Example for Free

The Lang report Essay The Lang report was one of the first reports to not only investigate why hooliganism occurred, but measures to stop it from occurring in the future it reported that:  There can be no doubt that the consumption of alcohol is an important factor in crowd misbehaviour  In more recent reports hooliganism has not only been committed outside or in the stadium. Under cover operations have revelled that hooliganism has become more organised where the ringleaders of sets of troublemakers on opposing sides have been in contact with each other and meet at a predetermined destination to fight. The advantage of this for them is that there wont is police patrolling that area so they can get away with it. The methods the authorities have developed to stop it,  The approach taken by the British authorities to reducing football hooliganism has been largely increasingly sophisticated policing, surveillance and monitoring techniques, segregation of fans, restrictions on alcohol etc. The British Government has also introduced specific legislation to cover acts of hooliganism.  Such measures are common elsewhere in Europe, the German, Dutch and Belgian authorities, in particular, have been more proactive in their approach to the problem. The development of fan coaching schemes appears to have had an impact on levels of violence in certain areas. Such schemes, which involve social workers deployed with groups of fans, provide useful models for other countries. German clubs are involved to an extent in the fan coaching schemes; elsewhere there is little contact between club officials and the fan groups. Very recently the British police have started using the Spotter system. This is a system that is used throughout the season in the English Premier and Football Leagues. A police liaison officer is attached to a particular club and has the responsibility of identifying and monitoring hooligans, usually travelling to away games and assisting the local force with the detection of hooligans. Identified hooligans would be banned from viewing all of there teams games and before European and international ties take place, their passports are confiscated so that the wont travel to the away games in other countries and cause any trouble. Another scheme introduced was a hooligan hotline whereby supporters could phone in and report incidents of hooliganism and perhaps even identify perpetrators. Although this scheme was promoted as being entirely new, similar schemes have been in existence since 1988, when the West Midlands police set up a 24-hour hotline. Conclusion I believe as long as football exists there will be hooliganism as when people have differences of opinions there are always going to be some narrow minded people who will get angry and lash out. This may be on supporters of the opposing side, the authorities or vandalism of public property. However although I believe hooliganism will always exist I believe that there are things that increase the likelihood of such acts occurring these include:  Drink, which heightens peoples emotions making them more likely to get angry and it also, stops them from fearing fighting and the law. When people drink they stop thinking rationally and do things that they otherwise wouldnt do. Troublemakers these people come to a stadium often not watching the match especially to get into a fight. They often encourage drunken supporters into joining in with there trouble making. They often taunt opposing fans in the hope that there will be a fight.  The mood of the fans contributes to hooliganism, as if the supporters have had a good journey and their team has a good result then they will be in a good mood hence being less likely to cause trouble  Security presence, will act as a deterrent to hooligans as they will not want to be punished for their actions, so if there are many police officers they wont want to start trouble. Although there are still the occasional instances of hooliganism the police have done well in dramatically cutting down the amount of them. They are co-operating much more with their European counterparts and have new measures such as the spotter system and the hooliganism hotline. However there is more that the government can do I believe the police should be given greater powers in arresting and prosecuting hooligans. Penalties for hooligans should be a lot more severe in order to act as a deterrent. Also everyone entering a stadium should undergo a breathalyser test to see if they are over the legal alcohol limit and if they are they should be taken to the police station and fined and banned from viewing there team play for a set period of time. I believe that this will not only act as a deterrent but it will stop the trouble makers from coming to the football so the atmosphere in the stadium will good and the emphasis on having a good time. This will also increase the popularity of the sport as more families will come to watch the sport introducing a new generation of football lovers who wont be interested in hooliganism, just in the sport. Appraisal of study  The problem with my project was that as I choose the subject matter of hooliganism. It was very hard to find facts and figures to back up my points all I could find to prove my points were discussions and reports about this study. Though these reports were written by experts in this field, they too had to work in the same conditions without facts to back up what they were saying, so I am only going on what they believe and they cannot prove what they are saying to be true. So if I were to improve this project I would have to get some data to prove my theories to be correct.