Biography of Lili Elbe, Pioneering Transgender Woman

Lili Elbe (born Einar Magnus Andreas Wegener, later Lili Ilse Elvenes; December 28, 1882– September 13, 1931) was a pioneering transgender woman. She experienced what is now known as gender dysphoria and was one of the first individuals known to receive sex reassignment surgery, also known as gender confirmation surgery. She was also a successful painter. Her life was the subject of the novel and film The Danish Girl. Fast Facts: Lili Elbe Occupation:  ArtistKnown For: Believed to be the first recipient of gender confirmation surgeryBorn:  December 28, 1882, in Vejle, DenmarkDied:  Ã‚  September 13, 1931, in Dresden, Germany Early Life Born as Einar Wegener in Vejle, Denmark, Lili Elbe began life as a boy. Some sources believe that she was intersex, having some female biological characteristics, but others dispute those reports. Some think she may have had Klinefelter Syndrome, the presence of two or more X chromosomes in addition to the Y chromosome. Destruction of medical records leaves these questions unanswered. Elbe studied art at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen, Denmark. There, she met illustrator and painter Gerda Gottlieb, who was accomplished in both art nouveau and art deco styles. Marriage and Painting Einar and Gerda fell in love and married in 1904. They both worked as artists. Einar Wegener specialized in landscape paintings in a Post-Impressionistic style while Gerda found employment as a book and magazine illustrator. Einar exhibited works at the prestigious Salon dAutomne in Paris, France. Around 1908, Danish actress Anna Larssen failed to show up for a modeling session with Gerda Wegener. Over the telephone, the actress suggested that Einar wear womens clothing and substitute as a model due to his delicate build. He was hesitant at first but agreed after pressure from Gerda. Lili later wrote, I cannot deny, strange as it may sound, that I enjoyed myself in this disguise. I liked the feel of soft womens clothing. I felt very much at home in them from the first moment. Einar soon became a frequent model for his wifes work. After walking in on a modeling session, Anna Larssen suggested the name Lili for Einars new persona. It was soon adopted, and Lili began appearing more often outside of modeling sessions. The surname Elbe was later chosen in honor of the river that flows through Dresden, Germany, the site of her last surgeries. In her autobiography, Lili Elbe expressed that she eventually killed Einar, while setting herself free, when she chose to have sex reassignment surgery. In 1912, when word emerged that the model for Gerdas work was actually her husband, they faced scandal in their home city of Copenhagen. The couple left their country and moved to the more accepting city of Paris, France. Throughout the 1920s, Einar frequently appeared at events as Lili. Gerda often presented her as Einars sister. By the end of the decade, Lili became desperate to live life as a woman. Doctors and psychologists labeled Lili a schizophrenic to describe the battle between male and female. She chose May 1, 1930, as a suicide date. In February 1930, however, she learned that the doctor Magnus Hirschfeld might help her begin the transition process. Transition Lili Elbe underwent a series of four or five sex reassignment surgeries beginning later in 1930. Magnus Hirschfeld consulted on the procedures while gynecologist Kurt Warnekros performed them. The first involved removal of the testicles and took place in Berlin, Germany. Later surgeries implanted an ovary and removed the penis and took place in Dresden, Germany. The planned final operation involved implantation of a uterus and construction of an artificial vagina. Some reports emerged that the surgeons found rudimentary ovaries in Lilis abdomen. Later in 1930, Lili obtained an official passport under the name Lili Ilse Elvenes. In October 1930, King Christian X of Denmark officially annulled the marriage of Einar Wegener and Gerda Gottlieb. Their parting was amicable. Lili was finally able to officially live her life as a woman. Lili ended her career as an artist, believing that the work as a painter belonged to Einar. She met and fell in love with French art dealer Claude Lejeune. He proposed, and the couple planned to marry. Lili hoped surgery would allow her to bear a child to build a family with her husband. Death In 1931, Lili returned to Dresden, Germany for surgery to implant a uterus. In June, the surgery took place. Lilis body soon rejected the new uterus, and she suffered from an infection. Drugs to prevent rejection did not become readily available until fifty years later. Lili died on September 13, 1931, from cardiac arrest brought on by the infection. Despite the tragic nature of her death, Lili expressed to friends and family that she was grateful for the opportunity to live life as a woman following the surgeries. Reflecting on life after her first surgery, she wrote, It may be said that 14 months is not much, but they seem to me like a whole and happy human life. Legacy and The Danish Girl Unfortunately, many gaps in the life story of Lili Elbe existed. Books at Germanys Institute for Sexual Research relating to her story were destroyed in 1933 by Nazi students. Allied bombing raids in 1945 destroyed the Dresden Womens Clinic and its records during World War II. For researchers, the process of sorting myth from fact is difficult. Much of what is known about Lili Elbe comes from her autobiography Man Into Woman published by Ernst Ludwig Harthern-Jacobson under the pseudonym Niels Hoyer after her death. It is based on her diaries and letters. Many researchers believe that Lili Elbe was the first woman to receive sex reassignment surgery. However, some dispute the fact. Whether unique or not, the surgery was highly experimental in the 1930s. In 2000, author David Ebershoff published his novel The Danish Girl, based on Lili Elbes life. It became an international bestseller. In 2015, the novel was made into a film of the same name. Source Hoyer, Niels, editor. Man Into Woman: An Authentic Record of a Change of Sex. Jarrold Publishers, 1933.

HIV/AIDS Public Health Policies A Comparison Between...

HIV/AIDS is still a current public health concern for all countries of the world. Research has helped progress the education and treatment of the virus, but some areas of the world still have difficulty with this public health concern. Out of all developing countries, South Africa has one of the highest percentages of their population living with HIV/AIDS while Cuba has one of the lowest percentages of their population living with the virus. In this paper, the public health policies of South Africa and Cuba regarding treatment, prevention and transmission will be discussed and compared. South Africa is one of the countries that are part of Sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest prevalence of HIV/AIDS infected people in†¦show more content†¦The government of South Africa still continues to deal with the above issues in order to deal with their population that is infected with HIV/AIDS. The NSP of 2007 set goals to deal with the problem of HIV/AIDS in South Afr ica. Their primary goals were to reduce the amount of new HIV/AIDS infected people by 50% and improve the care and support to infected individuals, their families, and the community (South African Government Information, 2007). The plan focuses on educating the public about voluntary testing, empowering women, discussing domestic violence, and sexual education between parents and children (South African Government Information, 2007). By educating the public on how to prevent HIV exposure, the rate of newly infected individuals will dwindle. Through the NSP, the South African government has set up a plan for universal healthcare for people with HIV/AIDS. Public and private sector entities joined and created a comprehensive healthcare plan so their citizens can obtain the care that the need for treatment for HIV/AIDS. Treatment also includes the antiviral medication needed to treat HIV/AIDS as well as screening for tuberculosis. 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Concept of Prometheus Within Frankenstein Free Essays

The concept of â€Å"Prometheus† within Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein† Index Introduction – 3 Greek Promethean myth – 4 The Modern Prometheus – 5 Conclusion – 7 Bibliography – 8 Introduction In this short work, it will be made an explanation about what is the Greek Promethean myth and the message behind this myth. It will also be made a comparison between this message and the subjacent theme of the â€Å"Modern Prometheus† in Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein†. Looking at the main character of Mary Shelley’s novel, it will also be important to describe in what way, and according to the Greek Promethean myth, Victor Frankenstein is the â€Å"Modern Prometheus† as referred in the title of the book. We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Prometheus Within Frankenstein or any similar topic only for you Order Now Greek Promethean myth The Promethean myth first appeared in the late 8th-century BC Greek epic poet Hesiod’s Theogony. He was a son of the Titan Iapetus, one of the Oceanids (keepers of the water). In Greek mythology, Prometheus is a Titan whose name meant â€Å"forethought†, and indeed, he was said to have the ability to look into the future. Prometheus was the creator of mankind. The goddess Athene taught him architecture, astronomy, mathematics, navigation, medicine, and metallurgy, and he in turn taught them to humans. Zeus, the chief of the Greek gods, became angry at Prometheus for making people powerful by teaching them all these useful skills. He is the younger brother of Atlas, who was banished to Tartarus during the Titanomachy. Prometheus, however, sided with the gods in the war, having foreseen their victory. Helios and Epimetheus also chose to defect. In doing so, Prometheus also tried to persuade his brother Atlas and their father Iapetus to side with the Olympians, but both of them ignored his attempts. After the Great War, Prometheus fashioned man from clay and helped them, even to the point of severely angering Zeus and, when the gods chose Prometheus as arbiter in a dispute, he fooled the gullible Zeus into picking the worst parts of the sacrificial bull by hiding them under a rich layer of fat. To punish Prometheus, Zeus withheld fire from men. â€Å"Let them eat their flesh raw,† he declared. In response, Prometheus, snuck up to Mount Olympus, lit a torch from the sun, and hid a burning piece of charcoal in a hollow stalk. He slipped away with it and thus delivered fire to mankind. As punishment however, Zeus then chained him to a mountain for an Eagle to peck out his liver only to have it regenerated through the night. Heracles eventually killed the eagle and freed Prometheus, which Zeus allowed as he deemed Prometheus’ suffering sufficient. Modern Prometheus The Modern Prometheus is Mary Shelley’s novel subtitle (though some modern publishings of the work now drop the subtitle, mentioning it only in an introduction). The term â€Å"Modern Prometheus† was actually coined by Immanuel Kant, referring to Benjamin Franklin and his experiments with electricity (this having to do with the way the creature was brought to life). As mentioned before, Prometheus was the Titan who created mankind, a task given to him by Zeus. He was to create a being with clay and water in the image of the gods. Prometheus taught man to hunt, read, and heal their sick, but after he tricked Zeus into accepting poor-quality offerings from humans, Zeus kept fire from mankind. Prometheus took back the fire from Zeus to give to man. When Zeus discovered this, he sentenced Prometheus to be eternally punished by fixing him to a rock where each day an eagle would peck out his liver, only for the liver to regrow the next day because of his immortality as a god. He was intended to suffer alone for all of eternity, but eventually Heracles (Hercules) released him. The way Prometheus makes man from clay and water is a relevant theme to Frankenstein, as Victor rebels against the laws of nature (how life is naturally made) and as a result is punished by his creation. The Titan in the Greek mythology of Prometheus parallels Victor Frankenstein. Victor’s work by creating man by new means reflects the same innovative work of the Titan in creating humans. According to the original myth, fire was the one thing that man was not supposed to have because it belonged solely to the Gods, so when Prometheus stole fire for man, it meant that man was trespassing on immortal territory and man suffered because of Prometheus’s gift. While Prometheus had his liver eaten every day, Victor didn’t have an organ ripped violently from his lower torso. But he did suffer a similar form of prolonged torture: all his loved ones being singled out and killed. He was not punished for stealing fire, but he was punished for trespassing on immortal territory by playing God. Also, fire is associated with goodness and knowledge. Fire is symbolic of human progress as well as the dangers of human invention, or possibly the dangers of nature as opposed to humans, and Victor’s creature is paralleled to fire in the Greek Myth: the creature could be good or bad, depending on how much care you take in approaching it. And in Victor’s case, that would be no care at all. While fire is good and useful, bringing warmth and the ability to cook, it can also be a weapon, a massively destructive force, if not properly controlled. The monster is the same. He had so much potential for good. He desired to be good, gentle, kind, and loving, but at every turn he was denied. Because of this he became a destructive force bent on the ruin of his maker. Victor Frankenstein is plagued by his creation. He is hunted, haunted, and tormented. The rest of his life becomes a game, a chase between creator and created. Much like Prometheus, Frankenstein suffers greatly for the good he tried to do. However, there are differences. Fire is an unthinking, unfeeling thing. It need not be taught. It does not require love. Fire did not require anything from Prometheus. The monster, on the other hand, was a being of great depth and feeling. He was capable of growth and good, but his master neglected and abandoned him. Frankenstein should not have abandoned the thing he created. He should have faced what he had done and given it a chance at a better life. There is also an other interpretation for this, perhaps a more plain one. In more recent science fiction, the Promethean myth is applied in the following way: mankind receives technology that is beyond their understanding. For instance, in the TV show â€Å"Stargate†, the first human interstellar ship is called â€Å"Prometheus† and it is build with the help of an alien race. This concept can also be applied to the work of Mary Shelley, explaining that men do require time and study to understand things as they truly are. The creature was not bad. It was made bad by men surrounding it. So, it can be said that both Prometheus and Frankenstein successfully created human life and faced results not in line with their expectations. In an attempt to help their creations, both Prometheus and Victor Frankenstein caused more damage and disorder. This eventually led to the harm of both, either through death or eternal torture. Conclusion As we could see, there are many similarities between the stories of Prometheus and Victor Frankenstein. Both tried to do â€Å"bend† the rules, in order to achieve something they believed would be beneficial. But in the end, they both caused more harm than good. Bibliography Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. Ed. Susan J. Wolfson. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007 Graves, Robert, The Greek Myths, Moyer Bell Ltd. , 1955. Mellor, Anne K. Mary Shelley: Her Life, her Fiction, Her Monsters. London: Routledge, 1990 Why is Frankenstein subtitled The Modern Prometheus? , available in http://www. angelfire. com/anime5/frank/Prometheus. html Frankenstein as Prometheus, available in http://cmaree. hubpages. com/hub/Frankenstein-as-Prometheus Analysis on Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, available in http://www. articlemyriad. com/analysis-frankenstein-mary-shelley Who was Prometheus? , available in http://www. enotes. com/frankenstein/q-and-a/frankenstein-who-was-prometheus-262555 How to cite Concept of Prometheus Within Frankenstein, Essay examples

Aviation and the Environment Contemporary Economy

Questions: Critically evaluate the issues with unconstrained aviation growth versus the call for global constraints on the growth of aviation for environmental reasons?. Critically assess the management challenges of maintaining corporate goals involving the sustainable development of aviation operations?. Critically evaluate the practical environmental activities that are now part of the management of airlines and airports?. Critically assess whether aviation can achieve the dramatic improvements required in environmental performance by innovation in aircraft design and airline and airport operations?. Answer: Intoduction: In the contemporary economy, the aviation industry is huge and growing. It assists in economic trade commerce and tourism and is, therefore, vital for the globalization process. For some consecutive years, the aviation industry is growing at a sustainable growth rate of 7% per annum. Air travel for both personal and professional as well as trade purpose has subsequently increased in the recent years. The globalized economy enjoys significantly from the capability to transport people and goods all over the world - promptly and safely. In the recent year, the total number of passengers traveling by air has doubled. In 2015, some passengers traveled by air in both domestic and international destinations in UK were 125,068,988 persons that were 118,605,858 in 2014 (Data.worldbank.org, 2016). The availability of bulky airplane such as the Boeing 747 made it suitable and reasonably priced for people to travel by air. Further, 58 million jobs and $2.4 trillion annual financial transactions that the industry ropes. With the increase in air traffic, the question of emissions and environmental damages are subsequently rising regarding Airline Business. There is an urgent necessitate of dealing with the environmental effects of air shipping. Millions of people are directly and indirectly affect by the pollution caused by aircraft emissions. With the increase in economic growth and the rise of the aviation industry, the problem of Aviation Emissions will increase if not checked with utmost priority. In 2012, aviation produced 689 million tons of carbon dioxide around the world (Grote et al. 2014). The aviation industry recognizes the necessitate to deal with the universal challenge of climate change and has taken some vital steps: in 2009 it adopted an determined set of pledge carbon neutral development from the year 2020 dependent upon vital aviation framework and technological improvements achieved by the industry and government. The adopted strategies can only achieve by adopting the four pillars: Investment in Technological development Increase effective operations management Building effective infrastructure Positive economic instruments Figure: IATAs four-pillar strategy Source: Created by Author In the following report, the author is analyzing the environmental challenges faced by the contemporary aviation industry and what are the necessary steps implemented to face these environmental challenges. The author has also recommended concluding the most important aspect of controlling to check pollution. The Challenges Facedby AviationIndustry: In the following study, the author discusses the following issues the specific relationship between the aviation industry and the environment. The environmental pollution caused by aircraft such as noise, harmful gasses, and particles, which affects climatic change. Aviation is a chief cause of air pollution, primary to major public health problems. Noise: According to the new study by the British Medical Journal, direct contact with the noise pollution can increase the risk of health. The noise created by aircraft also increases the risk of heart diseases. Scholarly studies showed that noise and health are adversely related. However, the aviation noise is a major problem and expected to grow in coming years (Bond et al. 2013). Air pollution: In spite of the small size of the aviation industry, it has significantly large impact on the climatic process. When researches and scholars are calling warnings against harmful radiation and suggesting reducing, aviation industry continues to contribute in the total harmful radiations, especially greenhouse gasses. For instance, since 1990, the total CO2 emission has increased by 83% by airplanes. Every time an aircraft takeoff, it leaves a large amount of harmful emission that causes a large amount of air pollution. In one of the reports, researches have argued that more people killed by air emission caused by airplanes than air crashes. Not only emission during takeoff and landing but also unregulated emissions from planes above 3000 feet are equally harmful. As estimated that a total number of 8000 die due to harmful emission above 3000 feet and 2000 people die globally due to pollution caused during landing and takeoffs. The the majority widespread reason for deat h as a result of air pollution are cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, including lung cancer, as stated by the UN's World Health Organization. (Barrett et al. 2012). It is not always necessary that areas near airports are the most polluted places. When an airplane takes at cruising height above the clouds, wind currents can fluff up the contamination wide spreading so that existing winds cause the pollution to fall from the sky about 10,000 kilometers to the east of the plane's route. (Barrett, Britter and Waitz, 2012). Greenhouse Gasses Produced by Airplanes During Flights: As soon as Jet fuel burns, the carbon in the petroleum is on the loose and combines with O2 in the atmosphere to shape CO2. Flaming aviation energy fuel as well releases water vapor, nitrous oxides, sulfate, and soot. A particular trait of airplane emissions, the majority, reduced at cruising altitudes more than 3000 meters. Systematic records have revealed that these emissions are injurious for climate impact since they generate a succession of chemical reactions and climatic effects that consecutively harm the global climatic system. TheIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,for example, has anticipated that the climate impact of airliners is far larger than the effect of their carbon dioxide emissions alone." (Ipcc.ch, 2016). When airplanes fly they exhaust Contrails consists of water droplets and frost which traps heat which otherwise break away from the earths atmosphere. As a result, contrails are advocating in global warming. While, night flights are more harmful than dayti me because studies have shown how contrails, in fact, reflect some sunlight away from entering earth. Initiatives to Control Aviation Emision: The International Air Transportation or the IATA is a trade organization, which controls air trade and commerce. Its members consist of 260 airlines from 170 countries. The main objective of IATA is to formulate and maintain standards in the aviation industry. IATA succeeded International Air Traffic Association in 1945. Like the airline, the industry grew and increased air traffic the responsibilities of IATA also increased. One of the major priorities of IATA is to ensure limited air pollutions and emissions caused by airplanes. The primary responsibility of IATA is: keep an eye on, review and act in response to environmental policies and issues of apprehension to member airlines boost and advocate common industry issues and challenges on ecological issues direct and, as needed, apply strategies to encourage IATA positions with stakeholders To meet the challenges the IATA members have mutually agreed to work on the following environmental issues: enhancement in fuel efficiency by reducing 1.5% per annum from 2009 through 2020 A reduction in net carbon emissions (carbon neutral growth) Sustainable development to reduce carbon emission by 50% till 2050 The IATA Four-Pillar Strategy: The fundamental problem is that unrestrained increase in airline emissions not well matched with 2050 environment improvement objectives and that the inflexibility and implementation of public policy involvements to direct aircraft emissions possibly will have extensive influence both on the economy for expansion or the tourism development. To achieve the above strategic plans regarding challenges faced in environmental issues, a well-built dedication is necessary starting all stakeholders functioning jointly in the course of the four pillars of the aviation industry strategy. The committee commissioned comprehensive analyses to approximate predictable reductions from technology, alternative fuels and operations to assess development on the way to the carbon neutral development objective for aircraft transportation system and to distinguish the challenges and issues to tackle by strategies, quality and standards, and estimations. Improvement of Technology: IATA checks and regulates the improvement of technologies to decrease aircraft emissions and evaluates their competence to accord to climate change objectives. It frequently publishes a "Technology Roadmap" unfolding the key innovations in aircraft technology presently emerging, the emissions declining probable that is offered and the impact on the global environment. Functioning mutually with strategic associates in the manufacturing engineering and research and development increases the chance to support new technologies amongst airline patrons and to accumulate airlines' reaction about the technological performances in emission reduction. Increase Effective Operations Management: IATA's Operational Efficiency Cost Management (OECM) agenda is to facilitate airlines recognize and build up cost-efficient ways, develop mostly operational cost framework and sustain or develop service of the airlines. The committee assists airline partners by presenting a set of key index performance or KPI to examine overall performance and focus on the required skills to control their cost resourcefully. IATA conducts programs that are a broad and reciprocal policy for airline workforce to progress they are perceptive of operational competence and price management on the issues of Ground Operations, Flight Operations, Operations Planning, Technical Operations, and Operations Control Centre (OCC)," (Iata.org, 2016). Building Effective Infrastructure: The Committee of IATA has taken responsibility to improve operational solutions for any challenge or issues in both on flight or ground. IATA initiates a leading position in influencing aviation scheduling and improvement projects globally to congregate aviation necessities for security, effectiveness, and functionality. The management wants to begin and sustain a worldwide infrastructural approach that commits efficient, sustainable planning and recent challenges and issues as well collaborating regional growth, which will promote cost effective measures and responsibilities to face developing environmental issues effectively. One of the main objectives is also to achieve paperless airline operations and decrease fuel spending and carbon emissions. Positive Economic Instruments: In the contemporary global economy, the aviation industry is playing a crucial role in economic development and progress. It assists a nations incorporation into the world economy, producing through uninterrupted advantages for users and other economic advantages as it facilitates its constructive effect on the overall economic development. The worldwide aviation industry is devoted or resolute to three consecutive goals or objectives to manage it is 2% of universal carbon emissions. The information analyses statistical techniques to approximate the financial rate of return i.e. individuals those are in accumulation to the through profits earned by stakeholders. For instance, a deal of C$1,805 million at Vancouver airport was likely to have lead to a 5.4% enhance transportation connectivity in Canada. As such, this raised Canadas long-term productivity by 0.04%. Presumptuous that some hours worked are invariable; this indicates an annual increase to Canadian GDP of C$348 million (Ia ta.org, 2016). Also, innovative solutions to accelerate clean technology improvement fleet renewal. If designed strategically emission trading can play a crucial role in economic revenue generation. The Five-Year Review Report: The significant aviation growth of checks over carbon emissions exemplifies the global pattern transfer towards a green economy over the last four years. In reply to timely forewarning calls that a potential environment change, the administration has put a required check and an increasing worth on aviation emissions, the fast budding aviation industry actively responded to develop into the pioneer in environment protection programs. This sector contributed the fair share to constant strategies to bind the temperature raise while the increase in air travel and its related developmental profit maintain to exceed potential. Globalization and speedy economic increase are motivating aviation industries sustainable development and growth. The IATAs four-decade-old pledge to check and dropping emissions by 2050 is slowly becoming a reality. Following an unequivocal negotiating authorization at the International Civil Aviation Organizations General Assembly in 2013, the planning of a universal economy-based system for global aviation emissions settled in 2016. This followed by UNFCCC conference, which convinced all chief global economies that there is no possible disadvantage by a determined universal climate change management approaching in 2020. Decreasing carbon emission is the new buzzword in the international aviation industry. Best Practices: Even though it is, an elaborate process to trim down the impact aviation industry has on the environmental change, technical improvements and efforts to ensure more sustainability of the industry. Real-time initiatives employed by aircraft business organization to meet the goals. For instance, In 2015, Cathay Pacific A340-300 recycled their four aircraft on their removal from the Cathay Pacific fleet. More than 90% of the mass of the aircraft was successfully recycled. In 2007, Airbus 380 initiated the use of fuel-efficient flights, and they took off the first flight with fuel-efficient oil with passengers successfully. Air France has taken a large number of strategies and commitments for sustainable improvement in climatic effect caused by air travel. Long-term plans to support to the European Emissions Trading Scheme, initiating more fuel-efficient aircraft, contribution a carbon calculator and the opportunity to obtain offsets, sustaining programs initiated by different authorities and organizations throughout monetary support for environmental development programs, popularizing the use of alternate and renewable fuel, and inspiring workforce to be involved in environmental development programs. British Airways is one of the most pioneers in taking initiatives to reduce emissions. The organization has already reduced 28% of fuel consumption since 1990 and is setting to beak its record by reducing 25% by 2025. The organization has also launched initiatives to get direct feedback ideas from customers reading carbon remission reduction. In JFK airport, management of British Airways uses energy efficient lights and water coolers. The management of Lufthansa Airlines has taken initiates to reduce the emission of nitrogen oxide by 80% by 2020 and CO2 emission by 25% by 2020. They are trying to new strategies and plans to improve fuel efficiency. The management also supports a "global emissions trading scheme and green incentives". Barriers to Success: The aviation industry recognizes the developing and imperative demand for the world to address the global environmental challenge. The aviation industry plays a fundamental role in economic sustainability growth and expansion and the need to remain protected, reasonably priced and reachable to make sure mobility on a fair basis to overall societal development. The world community, therefore, has a universal accountability to guarantee that aviation continues to convey essential communal and economic profit while tackling aircraft CO2 emissions. But the truth is that due to increasing in the global increase in demand for air travel and constant efforts by management and companies to achieve low-fare airlines with maximizing profits which are resulting in the use of fuel which is cheap but equally responsible for carbon emission. Alternative fuels and fuel-efficient oils are comparatively expensive, to reduce the overall cost of the aircraft flights, companies are going for cheaper opt ions (Winchester et al, 2013). In addition, due to global economic turmoil and uncertainty, there is a lack of new initiatives and investments in research and development in the production of fuel-efficient technology to reduce the carbon emission. Recommendations: The ICAO should make it mandatory any post-2012 global climatic change agreement agree on the reduction of emissions. The approach to check on carbon emission should be on global perspective and should not indulge on competitiveness among airline business. Rather it should be strategies to big harmony in the industry to fight collaborating. Organizations deliberately ignoring carbon emission initiatives should penalize not only financially but canceling the permits for the airline business. The aviation industry should priories the modernization of air traffic system to increase fuel efficiency in aircraft. The aviation industry should invest in aerodynamic and operations technology RD through scholastic and business associates. Initiatives of the improvement and commercialization of sustainable alternative biofuels should emphasize so that they can replace traditional aircraft fuel, which causes a large amount of carbon emission and other air pollutions. Conclusion: In the above report, the author has studied the situation of the aviation industry and the sustainable efforts taken by IATA to reduce the carbon emission to reduce the environmental pollution. The IACA is committed towards the climatic change effects of commercial aviation industry by an incorporated strategy of policy initiatives, technological advances, and operational development. The committee plan seeks to change the aircraft operating system in the airspace, technological development n aircraft, and innovation of alternative fuel to initiate in the reduction in carbon emission. The author has critically analyzed the four-pillar strategies adopted by IACA and real time airline business organizations are utilizing them to bring sustainable improvement of the environmental damages caused by air flights. Though the author has also discussed the barriers and problems faced to achieve the target by 2050. The study identifies restrictions to dropping carbon emission in conditions of socially constructed requirements. 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